Internal Medicine Today
Volume:22 Issue: 2, 2016

Aims: After tracheal extubation, following the patient’ waking up from general anesthesia, respiratory physiological responses are with symptoms such as cough, laryngospasm, and stridor. Different medications are used to prevent these complications. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of intravenous hydrocortisone and dexamethasone on the respiratory side-effects before tracheal extubation.
In this two-blinded clinical trial, 108 patients candidate for orthopedic surgery, general surgery, and urology by general anesthesia hospitalized in Shahid Hashemi Nezhad and Bidaxt 15th Khordad hospitals were studied in Mashhad, Iran, in 2015. The subjects were selected via available sampling method. Randomized assignment was done by BBR. The first and the second groups received 100mg hydrocortisone and 8mg dexamethasone 30 minutes before tracheal extubation as one intravenous dosing, respectively. Individual information and clinical status were recorded based on the diagnoses by an anesthesiologist. Data was analyzed by SPSS 13 software using Chi-square, independent T, and Mann-Whitney tests.
Findings: There was no significant difference between dexamethasone and hydrocortisone groups in the frequencies of cough, laryngospasm, and stridor (p>0.05). There were significant differences between the mean weights of patients with laryngospasm (p=0.03), cough (p=0.002), and stridor (p=0.001) and the patients without such symptoms. There was no significant difference in gender between patients with stridor and laryngospasm and other patients without such symptoms (p>0.05), excluding patients with cough (p=0.003).
The effects of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone are similar on laryngospasm, cough, and stridor after tracheal extubation.

Aims: As a medical herb, Capparis spinosa is used in the traditional medicine. Nevertheless, its side-effects are not yet studied, especially during the pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the tratogenic effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of the leaves of Capparis spinosa on the embryo of Balb/c mice.
In the experimental method, 32 pregnant Balb/c mice were randomly divided into four groups including control and experimental groups. The experimental groups were the groups received 200, 400, and 800mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract doses of the leaves of Capparis spinosa. Experimental and control groups received the extract doses and urban water as 14-day gavage, respectively. The 18-day embryos, removed out of the uterus by Cesarean, were investigated in the physical deformations. Alizarin staining method was used to assess the embryonic skeletal system. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Newman-Keuls method.
Findings: There was a significant reduction in the mean weight of the pregnant mice at the 18th day of pregnancy in 800mg/kg extract group compared to control group (p 800mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of the leaves of Capparis spinosa affect height and weight of the embryos of Balb/c mice and might have tratogenic effects on embryo.

Aims: There is a considerable increase in the maternal and infancy mortality and side-effects in accordance with higher pregnancy ages. Due to such a risk, it is nedded to statrt the labor induction from week 40. Misoprostol is one of the medications used in such conitions. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of oral misoprostol and vaginal misoprostol in the labor induction in the prolonged pregnancy.
In the two-blinded random climical trial, 180 pregnant women with more than 40 weeks gestational age referred to the labor ward of Sanadaj Besat Hospital were studied in 2013-2014. The samples were selected via randomized blocking sampling method. Through sixtuple random blocking method, the subjects were divided into three groups including 50μg oral misoprostol, 100μg oral misoprostol, and 25μg vaginal misoprostol. Having been recorded on a checklist, data was analyzed by SPSS 18 software using one-way ANOVA, Chi-square, and Fisher’s exact tests.
Findings: There were significant differences between the mean 1st minute Apgar score and the medication consumption dose in the groups (p=0.0001). There were no differences between the groups in the mean 5th minute Apgar score, induction frequency, induction times, mode of delivery, and its side-effects (p>0.05). Nevertheless, there were significant differences in fetal distress frequency and the infant hospitalization (p Considering the labor induction time and maternal and infancy outcomes, administration of 100μg oral misoprostrol in the prolonged pregnant women is more useful than 50μg oral misoprostrol and 25μg vaginal misoprostrol.

Aims: Based on the clinical studies, there are higher myostatin gene expression and serum level in cardiovascular patients than the healthy persons. In addition, based on some studies, regular resistance exercises is in line with a reduction in the myostatin gene expression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-week resistance exercises on the myostatin gene expressions of myocardium in the healthy male Wistar rats.
In the experimental study, 13 male adult Wistar rats, aged 15 weeks, were divided into experimental (n=7) and control (n=6) groups. In experimental group, 8-week exercises were done as climbing up a 26-step 1-meter ladder, inclined 85°, with a sinker. (There were 3 sessions a week exercises; each session consisted of 3 sets of 5 repetitions.) 24 hours after the last exercise session and after 12-hour fasting, the rats being dissected, muscle tissue samples were prepared to assess mRNA levels. Data was analyzed in SPSS 16 software using independent T test.
Findings: After 8-week resistance exercises, there was no significant difference in the myostatin mRNA expression level in the myocardium between experimental (1.56±0.44) and control (1.94±0.55) groups (p=0.197).
8-week resistance exercises leads to no significant change in the myostatin gene expression of myocardium in the healthy Wistar male rats.

Aims: Cardio-vascular diseases are of the most important health and treatment problems in the recent industrialized societies. The conducted studies show that noise and vibrations, as types of pollution, are risk factors for the cardio-vascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term and long-term facing with noise pollution on some heart biochemical and electrophysiological parameters in the rats.
In the experimental study, 60 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two experimental groups including short-term (one-day facing) and long-term (30-day facing). And each one included one control group and three experimental groups (4-, 8-, and 12-hour noise facing). At last, different electrophysiological parameters of heart function were investigated via recorded electrocardiograms. The levels of creatine phosphokinase and troponin I enzymes were measured, to investigate myocardial injury. Data was analyzed by SPSS 21 software using One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests.
Findings: Short-term (4-hour) facing with noise pollution only led to a reduction in PR interval (p Through changes in the hemodynamic factors, continuous facing with noise pollution can increase heart rate and function in the rats.

Aims: During recent years, consumption of nutritional supplements has become popular in the athletes to enhance muscle power, function, and hypertrophy. Since the chemical supplements cause side-effects, many experts focus on the traditional medications. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term circular resistance exercises with Crocus sativus Supplementation on the insulin and estradiol levels.
In the semi-experimental study, 44 untrained healthy men were selected from the students of Mazandaran University using census method in 2013. The samples were divided into four groups including “water-exercise”, “petal sweat-exercise”, “style-exercise”, and “stigma-exercise”. 2-week resistance exercises consisted of 12 stations (30 seconds with 40% of a maximum repetition per station; 5 sessions a week). 500mg Crocus sativus were daily consumed two times in the morning immediately after the exercises. Blood sampling was done before and 48 hours after the last session. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software using one-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post-hoc, and dependent T tests.
Findings: There was a significant increase in the estradiol level in stigma-exercise group than water-exercise group (p=0.007). There were significant increases in the plasma estradiol concentration in each stigma-exercise and style-exercise groups after the exercises (p0.05).
Circular resistance exercises with Crocus sativus supplementation lead to no change in insulin concentration. Nevertheless, consumption of the stigma of Crocus sativus flower can empower the effects of the resistance exercises and enhance estradiol.

Aims: The potential risk of radiations caused by the mobile phones affecting human, as well as the prevalence of diabetes, are of the main concerns in developing and modern societies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of radiations caused by the mobile phones on the serum level of sexual hormones in streptozocin-induced diabetic adult male rats.
In the experimental study, 64 Wistar adult male rats were studied. The rats were divided into 8 groups (n=8 per group) including non-diabetic control, diabetic control, and 6 experimental groups. Control groups received no treatment. Diabetic experimental groups underwent 7-day continuous and cutoff mobile radiations and buzzer sound. At the end of the course, blood sampling having been done, serum levels of LH, FSH, and testosterone were measured. Data was analyzed by SPPS 18 software using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc.
Findings: Diabetes alone and with continuous and cutoff radiations of the mobile phones and buzzer sound led to a reduction in testosterone level (p In adult male rats, diabetes, radiations of mobile phones and buzzer sound lead to testosterone reduction. In addition, diabetes with mobile phone radiations leads to increases in LH and FSH levels.

glucose control in the diabetic persons. Based on the evidences, a reduction in HbA1c prevents the long-term side-effects of diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 8-week aerobic alternate exercises on HbA1c and insulin resistance index in women with type II diabetes.
In this semi-experimental study, 30 women with type II diabetes referred to the diabetes clinic of Ahwaz Golestan Hospital were studied in 2012 The subjects were selected via available sampling, and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=15 per group). The aerobic program consisted of 8-week pedaling on an ergometer bicycle with an intensity of 68 to 80% of maximum power (3days per week). Fasting blood sampling was done before and after the exercise sessions in all the subjects. Data was analyzed by SPSS 17 software using dependent T and covariance analysis test.
Findings: Following 8-week aerobic alternate exercises, there was no significant reduction in HbA1c and fasting glucose in experimental group (p>0.05). Nevertheless, there were significant reductions in serum insulin and insulin resistance (p 8-week aerobic alternate exercises with an increasing intensity affect serum insulin level and insulin resistance index in the women with type II diabetes. Nevertheless, the exercises do not considerably affect fasting blood glucose and HbA1c amount.

Aims: Propolis is one of the natural materials collected by the honeybees. The material is extensively used to treat some diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ethanol extract of propolis of Qazvin plain on some biochemical factors, as well as serum antioxidant capacity, in adult male Wistar rats.
In the experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=10 per group). The first was control group. The experimental groups received 50, 100, and 200mg/kg propolis. After 10-day gavage, the serum of the rats being extracted, glucose, triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and total antioxidant capacity were measured. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software using one-way ANOVA and Tykey’s post-hoc tests.
Findings: There was no significant difference in the blood sugar level between different groups and control group. There was a significant reduction in triglyceride level in “100mg/kg” group than control group (p Oral consumption of propolis has a moderating effect on some blood biochemical factors especially triglyceride. In addition, it increases serum total antioxidant capacity. Nevertheless, its excessive consumption might damage patients with liver diseases.

Aims: As effective herbal materials, flavonoids and the phenolic compounds are with anti-pain and anti-inflammatory effects. Based on the studies, there is a huge amount of polyphenols and flavonoids in the leaves of Morus alba L. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-pain effects of alcoholic extract of the leaves of Morus alba L. on the rats.
In the experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups including control group and groups receiving 100, 200, and 400mg/kg alcoholic extract of the leaves of Morus alba L. There was 4-week daily extract gavage. The anti-pain effect of the extract was investigated through thermal hyperalgesia, writhing, tail flick, and formalin tests. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16 software using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests.
Findings: Daily use of 100, 200, and 400mg/kg of alcoholic extract of the leaves of Morus alba L. for 4 weeks led to significant increases in the mean foot withdrawal latency (p Oral consumption of the alcoholic extract of the leaves of Morus alba L. leads to a reduction in pain feeling in the rats. In addition, the anti-pain effect of 200mg/kg dose is higher than other doses.

Aims: To reduce discomfort and anxiety, providing true sedation for the patients hospitalized in ICU is very important. Therefore, the staff of ICU needs tools to measure effective sedation in the patients. The aim of this study was to assess the sedation status in the patients hospitalized in ICU via Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS) and to compare the findings with Visual Analog Scale (VAS).
Instrument & In this correlational study in 2015, 106 patients hospitalized in the intensive care units of Qaem Hospital of Mashhad, Iran, were selected via quota sampling method and studied. Sedation status of the patients was assessed by the validated Persian version of SAS and VAS. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software and Spearman’s correlation coefficient test.
Findings: There was a positive and significant correlation between SAS and VAS (p SAS and VAS are in a high correlation to assess sedation. Therefore, SAS can be used as a valid tool in the treatment sector.

Aims: Epilepsy is one of the most common children diseases, and MRI is a method to understand its etiology. Since there was no MRI in many medical centers, the aim of this study was to compare the findings of CT scan and MRI without contrast in epileptic children.
Instrument & In this descriptive-analytic study, 1-month to 14-year old epileptic children (n=160) referred to Pediatric Neurology Clinic of Yazd Shahid Sadoughi Medical University were studied in September 2012. Data was recorded in a questionnaire via interviews with the parents, biography, physical exams, and investigating the findings of CT scan and MRI. Data was analyzed in SPSS 15 software using Chi-square test.
Findings: There were normal and abnormal CT scans in 121 (75.6%) and 39 (24.4%) children, respectively. There were normal and abnormal MRI findings in 84 (52.5%) and 76 (47.5%) children, respectively. The results of CT scan and MRI were consistent in 119 (73.4%) children (p=0.001). There were more prevalent abnormal CT scans in less than 6 months children, developmental delayed children, abnormal physical exam, and epileptic abnormal electroencephalography. There were more prevalent abnormal MRI cases in 2-14 years children, developmental delayed children, abnormal physical exam, focal seizure, and non-specific abnormal electroencephalography.
To investigate 2-14 years old epileptic children, focal seizure, and non-specific abnormal electroencephalography, MRI is preferable than CT scan. The latter is useful in less than 6 months children, developmental delayed children, abnormal physical exam, and epileptic abnormal electroencephalography.