فصلنامه مجلس و راهبرد
پیاپی 85 (بهار 1395)

The results of 16 seasonally surveys about business environment in Iran shows that economic organizations nationwide has evaluate the 22 factors of the business environment in the studied period, worse than the middle (5.5 of 10) is 6.04. In the meantime, economic organizations, industry and mining sector worse than other organizations (6.15) and economic organizations in the agricultural sector is relatively better than other organizations (5.95) have evaluated the components of business environment. The quarterly survey of financial institutions across the country were asked to evaluate the factors affecting the businesses in which almost run out of control firms, managers are present. The results of these 16 surveys shows that the main problem of Iranian producers, other issues such as roads and electricity infrastructure, but also institutional issues and software development, such as the inefficiency of the banking system in financing the plans and the lack of guarantees of property rights.

One of the main functions of the constitutions is to organize political power within the various branches of government. They do this according to the different interpretations of the doctrine of the separation of powers which in turn create different system of governments i.e. parliamentary, presidential and hybrid systems. Yet, each of those systems has its own characteristics in a given county. One might ask regarding these differences and implications whether one type of government can be preferred to another. Is it the case that one type of government be better than another one? Main argument of the present paper is that none of them might be preferred to another one regardless of the expectations of their designers and the relative success of them to realization of the those aims and expectations.

Assessment of ups and downs of justice or the impact of policies on improvement or deterioration of justice depends on introduction of an index for justice. Due to insufficiency of distributive justice indices (poverty and inequality) to represent the dimensions of economic justice in Islam, this paper aims to introduce a new composite index, which can help to monitor the strategic objectives of the Islamic Republic, for economic justice. For this reason, the theoretical basis of economic justice firstly and then the combined index methodology are introduced. Afterwards, based on an elite two-staged Delphi, weighting dimensions of index is identified, and for the first time combined index of economic justice is calculated during 2000 first decade, and validity of that is confirmed by W. Candle Test. The results show that the all index trend has declined with slight slope. In the final years of the mentioned period, the components of supporting property rights and adherence to the agreements and transactions declined. During the entire period, the components of the optimal utilization of resources and the right of future generations of natural resources have had an inconvenient situation.

Abstract: Healthy Community is one of the significant factors in the development of any country. Community health has different and diverse dimensions. Mental health is determined as an important aspect of health. Promotion of mental health in each country leads to improved worker productivity and increased efficiency. In this study, mental health index was estimated using fuzzy logic system based on the data from 30 provinces of the country in years 1378-1391. In estimating the mental health, a questionnaire was developed according to the method of fuzzy logic and socio-individual factors affecting the mental health, and then was completed by 30 expert psychologists of the country. ,and finaly. relationship between macroeconomic variables and mental health was estimated using on the basis panel data econometric methods (1378-1391). The results of the study also confirm desirable status the provinces of south and north Khorasan and undesirable status Fars, Tehran, and Isfahan, showed that the unemployment variable, Gini coefficient, inflation and Urbanization had a significant negative relationship with mental health, while percapita production and social capital was found to have a significant positive relationship with mental health. In other words, mental health indicator is not separate from macroeconomic variables, and each of these variables had a significant effect on the mental health indicator in 30 provinces. This emphasizes the need for further attention by policy makers, especially in the economic and health sectors.

Governments use vary method for creating the social justice and social group gap reduction until now, that subsidies targeting and conducting some part of national capital toward lower social group is one of them. The main goal of this method is empowerment of weak social groups; target group, poor and rural people and helping them to changing the quality of their life especially in level of family. Therefore, in this study had been tried to assessment of cash pay subsidies effects on rural family’s quality of life. This papers methodology is Analytical- explanation and data gathered by questionnaire and its 14 designed indexes at 3 dimensions for quality of life assessment in rural family. For this purpose 364 families had been choose in 15 rural point of Shiring rural district of Aliabad as a case study area. Data analyzing and getting result of quality of life comparison, before and after cash payment subsidies inception by Wilcox on examination in SPSS, show that from 47 studied items, 21 items with alpha coefficient lower than 0.05, has meaningful relation on quality of life and therefore, it proved that cash payment was effective on rural quality of life. Also, result of T-test examination show that cash payment subsides was effective in 4 criteria of rural quality of life in case study rural area and other criteria’s affecting were lower than median range.

Business social environment as one of environments of surrounding business was of great importance as a result of the economists perspective change, from emphasis on physical capital and then human capital to social capital. Despite these changes, we can say Iran governance has deemed that improving business environment is independence of promoting social capital, with looking at Development Plan Acts (fourth and fifth Plans) and Iran’s Vision 2025. This paper tries to answer these questions by the descriptive-analytical method and use of document what is the role of social capital in improving business environment? Suppose the social capital improves business environment, do state institutions can increase or decrease social capital by taking some process, making some policies and passing some acts. The latter question is important for creating a new perspective in Iran. Policy makers and legislators in Iran have accepted “the effect of state institutions on business environment”. The paper will discuss in a growing literature about the effect of state institutions on social capital and then business environment (social capital as an intermediate variable). At least, Canada and Spain’s experiences confirm the role of legislature in improving social capital is crucial. After analyzing associating social capital with business environment and the effect of state institutions on social capital, this paper will provide legislative recommendations for promoting social capital in Iran.

In this article , it is tried study the impact of Investment structure on environmental performance index (EPI). In this research, environmental performance indicators have been utilized as an independent variable unlike that of similar studies consied out based upon the destructive environmental emissions such as carbon dioxide as a factor of pollution growth to assess the environmental Kuznets curve.Using panel data and GLS, this research evaluates the impact of FDI on EPI in 17 oil producting countries, including Islamic Republic of Iran from 200 to 2012. Research findings indicate that foreign direct investment (FDI) has reverse meaningful relationship with environmental performance thus environmental Kuznets curve in oil countries is not confirmed. According to Pollution Haven Hypothesis such countries are prone to absorbing pollute industries. And a reverse and meaningful relationship was found between industry value added and environmental performance. Such a relationship indicates that industry structural change can cause reduction of environmental indicators as majority of FDI is concentrated in oil industries of these countries.

Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify current patterns of spatial distribution of cultural development in the cities of Khuzestan province. For this practical study, the analytic–descriptive method was applied. The data were collected from the statistical yearbook of Khuzestan in 1390. The collected data were analyzed by using of different softwares such as SPSS, EXCEL, GIS and also TOPSIS methods, cluster analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney test and other statistical methods .The results show that spatial distribution of cultural development in the cities of Khuzestan province is extremely unequal. This inequality has been accrued in both geographical and population levels. In terms of geographical, the most cultural developed cities are located in north of Khuzestan. These cities also have higher population.

The main purpose of this paper is study the effects of budget deficit shock on the current account deficit in the presence of output shocks in Iran's economy. Moreover, the impacts of budget deficit shock on the exchange rate, GDP shock on the budget deficit and the current account deficit are also analyzed. To achieve these goals, we have used a Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR), Impulse response functions and Variance decomposition. In estimation, we have utilized four variables as budget deficit, current account, GDP and real exchange rate. The results of effect of GDP shock on the budget deficit and current account deficit indicate a negative relation between these two deficits. In other words, the phenomenon of "twin divergence" has been verified. On the other hand, in both cases, the government revenue and the government expenditure shocks on the components of current account, the phenomenon of "twin divergence" weakly has been verified.

Although the efforts of Western philosophers and jurists during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the prevention of violent and severe punishments led to the adoption of prison punishment as the original penalty in the early nineteenth century, but soon the indiscriminate use of prison punishment led to sharp criticism to this penalty that its proponents have doubts it and, finally, they were forced to react. One of the most important reactions to this objections was the suggestion of the use of "substitutes to prison punishment " and “avoidance of imprisonment” unless as the "last resort". This paper is an attempt to explain the position of "substitutes to imprisonment with an individuality approach of this punishment in the criminal justice system. In this paper it is proved that alternative punishment to imprisonment in fact is a means to use measures that can accelerate the process of reforming guilties and finally, we conclude that the successful implementation of these measures requires proper culture-building in society.

Growing expansion of ITCs has brought significant social, political, economic and security transformation in human life. In this framework, some new issues have risen beyond capacity held by nation-states and international institutions, which have generated new types of inter-state conflict and increasing inequalities. Therefore, existing systems of International Governance are far from being useful. thus, question is how growing expansion of ITCs affects international governance in terms of usefulness and effectiveness. Hypothesis is that in the information age, growing expansion of ITCs has brought a transition from International Governance to Global Governance. In doing so, it is argued that International Governance Discourse can no longer resolve problems of global politics, and as a result, a transition from hierarchical International Governance to networked Global Governance will necessarily occur. This research is fundamental-applied and draws on some analytical- descriptive method.

Scarcity of fossil fuels, global oil crisis and the increase in environmental awareness have steadily reduced the general acceptance of traditional power plants such as gas power plants in developing countries. In this respect, decision makers in the energy field need tools to support decision-making in order to select the best alternative to traditional power plants with renewable fuels. In this research, a tool is presented for supporting decision-makers in which economic, environmental, social and technical aspects for constructing power plants with renewable fuels are studied. Then a research method through a combination of improved digital logic method tools is presented. Additionally, the phasing TOPSIS method is presented for solving the phasing multi-criteria decision-making and weighting and ranking of the electricity generation plants using inexhaustible resources with regard to qualitative and quantitative criteria. The purpose of the proposed model is to evaluate different power plants and identify the best power plant regarding technical criteria and objectives of sustainable development. To better understand the proposed method, a case study about Iran, a country with high economic dependence on oil, is represented, in which 5 power plants in Iran are studied and prioritized according to the capacities of this country. Hydroelectric power plant gains the highest rating regarding technical and sustainable development objectives.