نشریه مطالعات راهبردی جهان اسلام
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 56، زمستان 1392)

In examination of Syria crisis are cited various reasons. Some believe that social rifts in Syria has created due to government policies and following the revolution in the Arabic countries of the region, paved context for popular protests s and ultimately the widespread uprising against the Assad regime.
Research fundamental question is that whether the crisis in Syria is cause of escalation of social rifts? Whether religious rift of Alevi - Sunni or ethnic rift of Arab-Kurdish is cause of such crisis? Whether discursive rift of slamist-secular or resistance -compromise is source of such crisis? In this paper, using analytic method, this assumption is examined that although the Syrian crisis is led to deepening of ethnic and religious rifts and activation of these gaps, but it is not main cause of forming the popular protests or civil war in Syria. Also current discursive rift in domestic political scene of Syria (Islamist- secular) due to the situation of Muslim Brotherhood movement in Syria cannot be a major factor in emergence of crisis. In finally the current discursive rift in foreign policy scene of Syria (resistance- compromise) is as a major factor in the emerging the Syrian crisis.

Resistance discourse is function of the necessities of international politics in the aftermath of the Cold War. Different theorists tried to explain the resistance discourse against "domination system" by the different approaches. This paper is an attempt to explain the symptoms of resistance discourse based on various approaches. On the other hand, could consider other process whereby resistance anti-discourse "producing and spread by some theory circles and countries in the west. Perhaps the major part of thinks tanks in the capitalist countries, especially in the U.S., attempt to creation of resistance anti-discourse, and thus produce the necessary background for reproduction of the domination system.
This paper also examines competing approaches and corresponding as discourse and resistance anti- discourse. Real understanding of the system of domination is possible only in conditions that could explain different approaches of resistance. Naturally, every approach may reflect different strategies in line formations of power in the international system. In western countries and their local allies are emerged discourses In the process of dealing with discourse of resistance. The main core of such process should be production of approaches that can be considered as an alternative to the resistance discourse that be used against domination system.

With the end of the national dialogues in Yemen that based on the Persian Gulf cooperation council plan and in order to out of this country from crises situation and preparation of drawing up a constitution and also holding elections in next year was formed , difficult stage of state building in this country entered to a serious phase. Accordingly, in early February 2014, the interim government of Mansour Hadi adopted a plan to creation of decentralized system or federal, which earlier had been raised in a national dialogue conference. But serious opposition of some political groups and movements, including Harak and houthies with the execution model of this plan and the interim government's inability to solving the economic and security crises and also America's involvement and Saudi Arabia in the internal affairs of Yemen, the outlook for future federal system in the country is faced with an aura of mystery. This paper with explanation the dimensions and scope of federal government plan in Yemen, suggests this hypothesis that implementation model of this plan by the interim government and its consequences is not satisfied all active sides in this country, especially the Houthis and the Southern Harak and finally, may become to a factor for exacerbation of differences domain and conflicts in this country.

Contemporary Islamist movements in Tunisia after the revolution witnessed important developments and have faced with various problems that studying and its understanding is effective for Islamic movements in the Muslim world. Given that the two religious streams in the form of Ennahda and the Salafis movement have a deep influence in this country, in this paper, this two streams examines as the most important oriented Islamic groups in Tunisia, and is tried to describe the characteristics of salafi currents and how their interact with the Ennahda Islamist movement, as the most important innovative Islamic organization in Tunisia, and in finally is investigated the strategies of this movement in the face of these movements. The results of this study indicate that the actions of the part of Salafists in Tunisia caused that Ennahda gradually from the strategy of cooperation and interaction moved to strategy of contrast with these movements; so that now the dominant strategy in Ennahda is strategy of confrontation and conflict with radical Salafies.

Syria's crisis has created an international terrorism type and present are there jihadists from Eurasian countries. These terrorists with salafi-wahabi trend have gone to Syria from Russia and Central Asia Caucasus, and are supporter of the policy of al-Qaeda. It is likely that these international terrorists and organized, after Syria go to another country or region and in there also carry out terrorist acts. This issue has become to potential danger for Russia and Central Asia and the Caucasus countries. So this paper seeks to answer to this fundamental question is that "given to future of Syria crisis what are the challenges and security implications for Eurasia?" The results of this study indicate that the Syrian crisis will face Eurasia region with insecurity challenges due to the return of militants to their countries, transport chaos and separatist tendencies, increasing influence of international terrorism sponsors and the American military presence in Central Asia and the Caucasus.

Religious fundamentalism and sectarianism in the recent two decades in Pakistan has had dramatic growth and has become this country to a center of extremism and fundamentalism in particular. From the signs of extremism in Pakistan, is forming a group called Pakistani Taliban. this group is one of the most complex social force, cultural, political and national security in this country and even South Asia region, so that is serious threat for Pakistan's internal security and regional and international security. Accordingly, the present study examines the causes and context of the formation of Pakistan Taliban and its future prospects. Review of these factors is important because this group in form of origins, ideology and objective-oriented, has a special complexity that may create challenges for Pakistan's internal security and also in future of the entire region.