فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیستم شماره 2 (پیاپی 62، تابستان 1394)

Urban public space as a place where different groups of people that attend are required to consciously design that they can satisfy the audience. One of the criteria to provide the citizens comfort in this urban spaces is prompting environmental protection. Certainly security is not only influenced the incidence of crime and behavioral abnormalities that impair, but sometimes due to depict an unfamiliar environment and strained in mind, creating a sense of insecurity. That's why security in urban space can be investigated in two categories: physical security (objective) and psychological security (subjective) fit. In addition to the apparent benefits of increased security in cities such as strengthening the identity, vitality, efficiency and beauty of the space, the security has the advantage that in such an environment are more people attending. Also Live, work, invest and businesses prosper. As a result of the financial and economic growth will be higher and conversely, in unsafe places people and investors will be repulsive.In fact, in a public space should be designed in such a way that the maximum audience needs to be answered. Urban public spaces such as markets, squares, parks, streets and ... are as public spaces that a wide range of audiences face. From a variety of public spaces in the city, some of which are specific to the nature and location of the more important and are therefore expected to be of better quality as well.It is important to note that many factors in the security of the physical condition are the result of a civic square.Lack of proper lighting, pollution and visual disturbance, traffic and … are as physical factors that affect the security space.Hence, it is necessary to identify these factors and provide appropriate solutions to improve their situation. It should be noted that due to the proximity of public and private spaces, at any time of the crime extend to the private places such as shops, cars and houses there. The research method was descriptive-analytic study and through field survey of a case study (Imam Square of Hamadan) was performed. In a first step, criteria for assessing public spaces safe from internal and external sources have been extracted using a questionnaire, people's opinions are harvested.Total of 150 questionnaires were considered to be more than 6 times the number of variables.The more data the questionnaires were entered into SPSS software based on exploratory factor analysis, seven variables in predicting feelings of security, including the "walk ability", "aesthetic", "socialization," "night security" "direct supervision", "environmental comfort" and "the structure of environment" have been classified. Then, by using the technique of multiple linear regression analysis, the relationship between the seven factors has been examined in the field of security that Revealed 3 factor of "walk ability", "aesthetic" and "night security" in order to have the greatest impact. Finally, by multiplying three numerical values ​​"factor loadings", "beta coefficient of factor" and "out of dissatisfaction" to prioritize measures to promote a sense of security is discussed in Imam Square.

In the past few decades, at the time of the beginning of energy crisis in the World, efforts to reduce energy consumption in buildings has led to vast and serious skin insulation in both old and new buildings. Insulation to avoid heat transfer and cold air infiltration, along with supplying fresh air and maintaining indoor air quality has challenged experts in the building industry all over the world. When this challenge gets together with the tendency to use more glass surfaces in buildings, a new kind of window is invented to fairly overcome troubles in a novel way. This new window, named “supply air window”, is one of the four kinds of “air flow windows”. In a supply air window there are three layers of glass, a conventional double glazed sealed unit and a third sheet of glass. The air gap between the double glazed unit and the third sheet is not sealed. There is a vent hole to the outdoors at the bottom and another vent leading to the indoors at the top. Fresh air comes in from the bottom and moves up between the panes of glass before entering the room. As it rises, the air collects heat from the indoor pane of glass and carries it up into the room instead of allowing the heat to escape outside. Furthermore, heat from sun, trapped between the glass layers (greenhouse effect), is also collected and carried into the house. You get fresh air coming into the room but it is not such cold air, having recycled energy which would otherwise have escaped, and picked up more from the sunshine. The effective U-value is dramatically decreased. The purpose of this article is introducing the supply air window and implementing feasibility study about its endemic use. To achieve this goal, structural investigation of the window has been done using computer simulation-with WIS program- and numerical calculation -according to ISO standards- to find the best structure with the optimum performance for heating period in Tehran. Results of the investigations on 5 different configuration showed that having one Low-E coating on the third layer of the window (with other characteristics mentioned in the paper), leads to the best temperature and comfort conditions and eventually with the lowest energy consumption, it can have the best performance. Also, the influence of parameters such as air velocity, depth of the ventilated space and windows geometry on the performance of the window, were studied. After that, the impact of the window on the building was examined through its use in a given room and comparing the results of obtained consumption load with the room with conventional windows. The results indicates higher ability of the new window to increase the performance of glass surfaces (reducing heat transfer and improving thermal comfort) and also reduction in energy consumption in the ventilation part, so that utilizing supply air window leads to 46% final energy saving compared to triple pane window and 50% reduction in energy consumption compared to ordinary double pane windows

Basic structure of Iranian cities preserved its past form in Qajar Period. It constituted of main axis which led from gates to the center of the city and city elements and spaces (mosque, madraseh, Bazaar, caravanserai, square, Bazarcheh, etc.) gathered along them. It was a form remaining from Safavid period which its extensions were the continuation of the former one. The characteristic of Qajar period was the growth in influence of Shiite religion. Increase in religious emotions gave form to a structure in Iranian cities which comprised of places (especially Takyah, Husayniyyah) and paths linking them with each other. These were the places for the most important social event of this time; Muharram mourning. In Muharram and Safar (The months of mourning in Shiite religion) people gathered in these places and mourned. Taazieh was a dramatic theatre performed inTakyah and at first was specific to these rituals. People had also mourning processions in the alleys which led from one residential quarter to another one and during it residents of a quarter went to see other quarters and join their mourning in a cyclic form. Everyone participated in this event: residents of the quarters endowed their houses for the rituals of Muharram; they gave meal to mourners during the ceremony; allocated a place in their houses which had a frontage to alley for burning candles; prepared some rooms in their houses or their courtyards for Tazieh performance and other forms of mourning; and thus the city actively joined the whole process of rituals. The places and paths where Muharram rituals were performed formed a structure which is being recognized by city inhabitants even now; regardless of all of the transformations in the urban form and life during 20th century. Different studies by scholars on cities like Ardebil, Dezful, Aran, Naein, Lahidjan, Gorgan, Sabzevar proves this. Thus the structure was formed on the basis of: religious behavior of inhabitants; the way they used spaces for rituals; the meanings they attributed to these spaces and places; and the roles that these spaces had in their social and urban life. This structure was usually distinct from symbolic or main structure of the city. The places and paths between them linked residential quarters (mahalleh) with each other and had an important role in their social identity and their identification. In this paper, I’ll try to show the existence of this structure in Iranian cities, by reviewing and analyzing different studies on Iranian cities and comparing the findings with first hand documents of Qajar period. I’ll try to explain how this structure was formed and its places and paths got meaning for people. Revealing the differences between these secondary structures in Iranian cities can further the knowledge about the social structure of Iranian cities in Qajar period; while showing their similarities can help the urban designers and planners to deepen their knowledge of historic cities, its structures and inhabitants’ images of them. These findings can help in decision making for intervention in historic cities.

The purpose of this article is to explore whether the physical environmental of medical space can affect the patients’ stress and anxiety. (Numerous studies have suggested that anxiety is found in most clinical/medical settings. Stress occurs when there is an imbalance of environmental demands and human resources. The environment may add to this stress, with overcrowding, noise, lack of privacy, and glare, especially when coupled with poor interior color schemes. All of these stress factors can negatively affect the process of healing). The particular definition in this research was the relationship between environmental factors (brightness, peaceful, noisy, color, privacy and crowding) and stress. A dental office is considered as an effective environment which changed decoration and interior design during the time according to dentists and staffs demands. To research this, a study was carried out between two groups: peoples who referred to dental office before interior design changes and peoples who referred to dental office after interior design changes. The attitudes and perceptions of the two groups of patients (through questionnaires distributed) compared. Before the results of the analysis were determined, the reliability of the dependent and independent variables was tested with Cronbach’s test. The Cronbach alpha for variables was more than 0.70. Results from 80 patients showed that environmental factors such as brightness, peaceful, noisy, color, privacy and crowding could effect on patients and reduce their stress and anxiety. It is obvious; changing the interior design of dental office could increase quality-in-perception by: ● Promoting the content of mental with increasing legibility and image ability of environment and changing the location of activities and territorial behavior. ● Reducing stress and anxiety and avoiding spatial ambiguity by defining the territorial behavior and personal space or user activity. ● Optimizing the quality of space with changing light, color furniture, television, music, artworks and etc. ● Eliminating the negative impact of the stress known by physical design of a waiting area (waiting area indeed buffer). Also it was found that according to patient’s position during treatment, design of ceiling which located in the field of patients’ view is important to reduced stress significantly. Utilizing color, light and especially picture of nature is more effective. In the other words, an important part of curing relates to the quality of care that patients receive. Studies on perceived quality of care suggest that patient-perceived quality of care is heavily defined by the amount of empathy, warmth, and friendliness that the patient experiences. The environment plays an important role in conveying empathy, warmth, and friendliness even before the patient interacts with staff. In this research, data analysis indicated that the purpose of medical environmental design should not be focused on curing people physically or in the limited sense of bricks and mortar. In addition to providing medical services, it should prepare appropriate mental and physical spatial for users (patients and staff). The design of health-care facilities should be human-centered and functionally efficient, to benefit patients, their families, and staff alike. In other words, interior design of medical space is necessity not luxury.

Citizen participation in various aspects of urban affairs is a key component of urban management to create sustainable city. Public space has a great role in increasing social interaction, reflecting citizens’ creativity, promoting sense of interest, and creating sense of participation among different social groups. Creative city is concept that provides a new way for city application of creative factors to generate opportunities for urban prosperity. Thisapproach canbe a toolfortourism growth through public space development and Emphasizing theimportance of culture as an urban development factor. In this process, the important point is to increase the attractiveness and competitiveness of public space for cultural events and more use of public spaces. The key point is promoting constructive interaction among people in public spaces by cultural events. The purpose of this paper is to promote the opportunity of citizen’s participation through introducing new forms of public space which is in line with characteristics of creative city. The characteristics and criteria of creative city were conceptualized based on the literature review and experiences. This formed a structure to detect the status of public space in the city of Yazd regarding the concept of creative city. Yazd is ancient city with dualtexture (old and new) that its public spaces was not consider by cities authority. Although its Physical quality is deteriorating, its spatial structure consider hierarchical pattern in the line with good city form theory. The urban development plans pay more attention to the new development area and ignore the old neighborhoods. While public spaces in the old part of the city contained the potential to promote participation. But they were given less attention by cities authorities and urban development. The study shows that the public spaces contain hierarchical in the old town. On the contrary, there is no hierarchical in the new development area and they only contained semipublic and public space zone. Thisstudy shows thatcan be used toincreaseparticipation in city spaces, but they require some physical changes and reorganization. New and old Public spaces such as midancheh in center of old neighborhood ,bazaar and , other tradition trade spaces, Public spaces of Offices, educational spaces, Mosquesandother Religious and historicalspace, Streets, alleysanddead ends, Leisurespaces, terminals, and nods. Yazdpublic space planning can bedividedin several categories: Multi-purposepublic spaceslike bus station, open space of old neighborhoods, new open spaces, streets and shopping centers. In the meantime,most of this spaces especiallyurban exciting spaces are meanly neglected. The creative city emphasis on the public spaces in line white participatory approach and its capability to adapt white interest of the creative class and the people. The difference-value analysis and resulting uniform standards, including the hierarchy of public spaces, multifunctional and responsive spaces, activities close to each other, exciting atmosphere, and corporate culture show that the city of Yazd contained the potential of a creative city in Iran. Each of these points can motivate the presence and participation of people in the decision-making, implementation and management of the city.

Tabriz Blue Mosque is one of the artistic masterpieces of Kara Koyunlu era. But the proposed issue about this building is non-existence of originality in its volume totality; because during times the building structure has been changed and there are tremendous differences between the current structure and that its primary architects had aimed; and what currently exists from this building for the observers is very different with the one that its primary architects had intended. To understand these words maybe paying attention to this issue is enough that in the beginning of the current century (about five centuries after the Mosque construction), its primary volume totality was nearly zero. By beginning the evolutions of Reza Shah era and indication of archaism thoughts and establishing organizations such as Archaism and Antiques Department that was the result of a new attitude to the issue of cultural heritage in Iran, the Blue Mosque also was considered by managers and planners of local and national groups, and as a result, a new period started in its historical destiny. Since then, that is more than the past eighty years the most ruined parts of the mosque have been repaired or physically restored. The scientific explanation of the physical evolution process of this building is the research problem from which this paper is extracted. In the present paper the form evolutions of the mosque based on historical documents and also the objective investigation of the existed evidences (historical strata of the building) have been discussed. The results of the research indicate that the current structure of the mosque is the result of companionship of old strata with the new ones, and what is emerged from the building, despite having a coherent visage, lacks total originality and is the symbol of late wills. Moreover, as the time passes and as the contemporary attachments get older –that generally are restored in the past form- sometimes the original and the false forms are mixed and the visitors think that the whole mosque existed before. However, in recent years, the attempts in differentiating among original and attached parts that is one of the scientific principles of architectural protection are observed in some protective actions of this building. In explaining the contemporary protective actions for this building, it should be noted that the interferences have been resulted from changing approaches and managements and the definition of “desired condition” of the building has not been stable during the last eighty years; in a way that, during the solar twenties the desired condition was to repair “the same as old form” and “without even the least difference and heterogeny from the original elements”, and during the solar seventieth the desired condition was in observing the criteria such as “the possibility of diagnosing the original from the false from” and “reversibility”. Such attitudes are not peculiar to this building, but are aspects of the evolutions of the science of architectural protection in contemporary Iran that have affected the repair procedure of many historical buildings in Iran.

Architecture is the only art whose products are directly exposed and used by society and all people have to deal with it. The sociological look at the architecture, due to this feature, will be easier and at the same time more necessary. Many scholars believe that Iran contemporary architecture is facing challenges which are less studied from the perspective of the sociology. Sociology of Art as one of the branches of sociology examines the relationship between society and art in various aspects. Pierre Bourdieu's theory of "Field" is of theories raised in sociology of art and has provided the possibility to analyze different areas of art. Iran contemporary architecture analysis based on the above theory and an attempt to form Iran contemporary architecture field according to this theory is the subject of this article according to the principles of Field theory. Definition of key concepts such as "Field" and "Habitus" is essential for understanding and implication this theory and will show us the way which should choose for studying Iran contemporary architecture. In forming any field in social research, three operations are considered separately: 1. examining its relationship with the power field, 2. mapping the field objective structure, 3. analysis of habitus of the field actors. Also three major features which have been mentioned for field include: applying force, degree of autonomy, and struggle (battlefield). Studying Iran contemporary architecture in accordance with the above theory, we find that the influence of power field is defined beyond prediction and anticipation. Actors out of the field are active in it and the rules governing the field are ignored. For a field definition of Iran Contemporary architecture that has further integration with field theory, we excluded a bulk of field products (field of housing) of our definition; in this case, three poles are detectable inside the field. 1. Pole related to power field and demanding consolidation of the status quo, 2. Pole related to private sector who is more subservient to employer, yet tries to be close to the power field, and 3. Gifted pole or architects who look architecture as an art rather than a profession. The concerns of these three poles are different in business investment and consequently the gifted pole takes steps in achieving cultural capital and the two others in achieving economic and symbolic capitals. Accordingly, it can be said that the Iranian contemporary architecture suffers confusion, lack of transparency and autonomy, and lacks the main characteristics and Features necessary for the proper function of a field. In general, it can be said that many abnormalities of Iranian contemporary architecture results from the inability of this field to clearly form, define and delimit its field. If actors of architecture field are aware of their constructive role, and do their social structure role to influence the actor's habitus and clear demarcation and the architecture like other fields is able to impress and preserve the autonomy to obtain capital and action of real actors.

The main aim of the current paper is to review the principals and foundations of the space syntax theory and methods, while looking at its most recent developments and computer based techniques within architecture and urban planning fields. Therefore, the paper initially took a brief introduction to the theory fundamentals and core idea. It starts with Bill Hillier and Julianne Hanson (1984), the social logic of space and then proceed to Space is the Machine (1996). Then, recent publication and papers which has had a huge impact on the theory were cited wherever it was necessary. One of the main theories here is the theory of natural movement which supports the ‘configurational’ paradigm for through movement. In other words, the theory focuses on the fact that a primary property of the form of urban grid is to privilege certain spaces over others. Patterns of movement are generated from the configuration of urban grids, and then land uses locate to take advantage of the locational privileges. Movement patterns are correlated with space syntax through measure of ‘integration’. Finally, it has clear implications for urban design and architecture suggesting that a well-established architecture and urban design can perform well through its configurational relations to the larger urban systems. Space syntax has raised a common objection that a non-uniform line representation of space that reduces space in to a topological graph has the potential to analyze space by measures or not. The critics that has challenged the theory and technique, is another point of discussion. The theory credibility is under a big question mark, while it ignores too much geometric and metric details of an architecture or urban area. Furthermore, it is argued that space syntax theories focus on nonlocal and extrinsic properties of space which shape movement dynamics. These properties are those which are defined by the relation of elements to all other elements in a system. The method is definitely a strong method of urban analysis because of the fact that cities have powerful nonlocal characteristics along with local ones. Although the axial and convex analysis were developed before computer and quantitative techniques, emerging technologies and computers analytical powers has a great influence on its further developments. The case study that will be presented in detail served as a proto-type for space syntax analysis to understand whether axial lines and convex maps could demonstrate the morphological changes that had apparently happened in the design of traditional houses in a small city in Iran. Borojerdiha Mansion, Kashan has been selected as a case study to introduce these concepts and developments in space syntax theory and methods. The reason to select the Mansion was firstly, its prestigious role in Iranian architecture, Qajar era in one hand, complexity and multi-use spaces in its plan, which makes it a suitable case study for analysis, on the other hand. The outcomes of simulations provide a ground for detailed discussion on the recent features and techniques in Depth Map software.