نشریه مطالعات بین المللی
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 46، پاییز 1394)

Transitional justice is a response to systematic or widespread violations of human rights. This justice is a special form of justice that adapted to societies transforming themselves after a period of pervasive human rights abuse. Governments adopted many of what became the basic approaches to transitional justice. They include these initiatives: Criminal prosecutions, Reparations programs and judicial system reforms. In this paper, we provide an overview of transitional justice in Egypt. However, the goal of transitional justice is achieving peace and security for societies in transition. The Egyptian citizens are no exception. The main issue for expressing is that why transitional justice process was not successful in Egypt? In this paper, false reform of the judicial and military intervention in the form of coup considered as hypothesis will be tested. These assumptions are discussed in the assessment of responsibility in the field of transitional justice and the difference between this kind of justice has been investigated other related concepts.

The history of civil rights dates back to the beginning of ancient citystates. Widespread social and cultural developments of the two last decades of the twentieth century and the two first decades of the twentyfirst century have led to emergence of a new concept of cultural diversity and arguments about the reformulation of concepts like the self and identity, and their social, cultural, political and even economic consequences. Among them is the importance of the existing ‘differences’ amongst citizens. Unlike the modern conception of democratic citizenship which id mostly concerned with the equality of people with respect to rights and duties, the postmodern conception emphasizes their right to be different through recognizing those differences. To choose different lifestyles, following different life patterns and the realization of their own ideal of the good life, is now recognized as certain rights for citizens and certain duties required from states. In what follows, after a short review of the historical development of the concept of citizenship in the West, its postmodern interpretation will be described and, finally, some suggestions for theorizing this more recent understanding of citizen’s right within contemporary Islamic tradition of thought will be offered.

Human rights as an international political project are closely tied to claims of universality. Attacks on the universality of human rights, however, are also widespread. And some versions of universalism are indeed theoretically indefensible, politically pernicious, or both. This essay explores the senses in which human rights can (and cannot) be said to be universal, the senses in which they are (and are not) relative, and argues for the "relative universality" of internationally recognized human rights.

Climate changes outcome global warming and its results are caused by human activities that made the human society and environmental characters at risk. Former United Nations Secretary General Mr. Kofi Annan labels environmental degradation, including social threats against collective security in the proposed agenda for the Summit in September 2005, which was prepared by the Special Committee. It shows the importance of this matter. maybe the result of the climate changes in the different characters cause the internal and international war. This result has different influences on the different governments. Polluting emissions can made problem for human security and made a competitions of living. In this Article we pay the influences of environmental changes on human security and the rule of the Security Council, which has the main duty on the peace of international society, on this matter.

Development of military Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has led the governments possessing these kinds of technology to go beyond the geographic and legal boundaries such that the employment of those instruments has brought International Humanitarian Law (IHL) procedural and substantive challenges; as the former governs the method of using of those tools and the latter governs the procedure of controlling the UAVs. Obviously, the emergence of procedural and substantive challenges from the development of military UAVs demands the necessity of re-reading of traditional regulations and passing new laws in the field. Although, the current principles and regulations considerably cover various dimensions of modern technologies, including the employment of drones, both in present and future, using advanced technologies might possibly provide grounds for governments to misuse the existing gaps as the regulations of IHL are unable to fully provide a clear answer in handling all of those difficulties. In this regards, it is essential to take crucial steps in developing and drawing new frameworks for using and controlling modern military technologies including military UAVs.

Developing countries especially iran-according to current economic and political situations in order to supply and implement the large infrastructure projects-look for attracting foreign investment and steer private sector investment and utilization of updated technologies and efficient management. One of the new solutions for fulfilling the above-mentioned purpose is using contracts called "B.O.T" which stands for Build, Operate and Transfer. Followed by ratification of FIPPA of foreign investor and impartation of the policies of forty-fourth principle of constitution, the correct path to devolve the country fundamental management was provided to the private sector.With regard to the fact that the importance of the private and foreign investor's partnership in Iran is obvious for everyone, so in this articlewe have tried in addition to overview the concept, nature, position, and the parties of B.O.T, explain the positive and negative aspects and study the current legal situation and as possible solve administrative obstacles. It is hoped that this article, with providing appropriate intellectual background, would facilitate attracting foreign and private investment in IRAN.

After nearly three decades of war between Iran and Iraq, Iran’s war damage demanding from Iraq is still in doubt. The purpose of this article is to answer this question: what strategies Iran has to demanding war damage from IraqTo answer this question we have three political-legal strategies: 1) Iran could move in the framework of the peaceful settlement of disputes with Iraqi authorities and through direct bilateral negotiations reaches the war damage. 2) Iran could - according to the report of the Secretary General of the United Nations based on Iraq responsibility to start the war - referred to the Security Council and called for resolution to obligate Iraq to pay damage. 3) Iran - according to the Statute of the International Court of Justice - could lawsuit against Iraq in the International Court of Justice. The research hypothesis is that Iran can not receive war damage from Iraq currently. To prove this hypothesis, the above-mentioned strategies will be examine to determine the possibility of implementing each.

Ukraine crisis was a regional diplomatic crisis that followed in 2014 to protest the signing of a cooperation agreement Ukraine and Europe by the President of Ukraine. Following the unrest, protests and objections Ukrainian president left country and a new government was formed and because of the political interests of the pros and cons of the new Ukrainian government, as well as strong supporters of the two factions of the Ukrainian crisis continues. This security in the Middle East and even international security is threatened. Great powers and the countries involved in each approach to suit their own interests regardless of the interests of the international community, adopted. China is a permanent member of the Security Council primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security policy pursued by some analysts country's stated policy is ambiguous and is incapable of exercising decisive manner. But must point out China, like other actors involved, has adopted a policy tailored to his interests and for stability in the region is to achieve its political and economic interests. Study this kind of crisis in Ukraine, according to the actors involved China, Russia, America and Europe and Ukraine is significant. This study seeks innovations that according to game theory because China policy. And the behavior and actions of this country in the field of action to study the crisis in Ukraine. To reveal how the country by examining the pros and cons of their interests acting as a rational political behavior in the Ukraine has managed.