مجله مطالعات ناتوانی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (اسفند 1394)

Cousin Marriages provide a good opportunity to latent and recessive genes to express themselves and cause various disabilities, such as intellectual disability. Hence, avoiding them may prevent such disabilities. The purpose of this research was to study the prevalence of cousin marriages among the parents of intellectually disabled and normal children and to identify its association with intellectual disability.
A correlational retrospective study was conducted. 467 couples with normal children were selected by cluster sampling from primary, secondary and high schools in Ardebil. Moreover, 433 couples with exceptional children were identified. Among the latter’s children, 238 intellectually disabled were randomly selected. Chi-square was used to determine the frequency of cousin marriages through descriptive statistics and to establish the association between cousin marriages and the birth of normal and intellectually disabled children.
According to the descriptive data 107 of 238 (96.44%) parents of intellectually disabled children and 88 of 467 (84.18%) parents of normal children were cousins. Data analysis with chi-square showed a significant association between cousin marriages and the birth of intellectually disabled children (χ2=54.31, p Cousin Marriage plays an important role in the incidence of intellectual disability through recessive genes. Therefore, couples need to be aware of the consequences of cousin marriage and should receive genetic counseling.

Executive functions involve cognitive functioning that is critical for goal directed behavior. The purpose of this study was to effect of perceptual-motor practices on motor development and executive function in children with intellectual disability.
This study was quasi-experimental and type of pretest-posttest with control group. In this study, 20 children aged 7 to 10 years old were multistage randomly selected from schools in the city of Tabriz. These two groups according to age and IQ were homogeneous in perceptual-motor practices and control group. Programs were hold in 18 sessions and two sessions per week and each session was 45 minutes. Before the start training and the end of the last session were held pre-test and post-test. Before the start of the session and at the end of the last session of the questionnaire was completed neuropsychological Conner 2004 by parents for analyze data dependent test and in dependent were used.
The results showed that intervention perceptual-motor practices group in the executive functions and its subscales performed better than the control group (p≤0.05). Perceptual-motor practices than the control group had a greater impact on the executive functions.
According to the results obtained it is suggested these movements were held into physical education program, extracurricular and take home.

Vocal characteristics can be influenced by the speakers’ race or ethnicity, age and the language used. How language alone influences vocal quality still remains unclear. To study how language alone affects vocal quality, the effect of age, race or ethnicity need to be excluded. This can be done by studying vocal characteristics associated with languages produced by adult bilingual speakers.
This was a descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study. 32 Persian/Turkish-Qashqai bilinguals (16 men and 16 women) who possessed the inclusion criteria were studied. Two continuous speech samples (Persian and Turkish-Qashqai) were obtained from the subjects. Fundamental Frequency values were obtained by the PRAAT software.
The mean fundamental frequency values in Persian and Turkish-Qashqai were 178.40 and 180.41 Hertz. The standard deviations in the two groups were 28.68 and 28.83, respectively. The mean Fundamental Frequency Range for Persian and Turkish-Qashqai were 227.69 and 218.62, respectively. The aforementioned numbers indicate that their differences were not statistically significant.
Given that the values of Fundamental Frequency were not significantly different between the Persian and Turkish-Qashqai languages, we can say that language has no effect on the voice of these people. Therefore, the same clinical norms of Fundamental Frequency that are used for Persians can be used for Turkish-Qashqai people too.

This research investigated the relationship between social skills and behavioral problems in students with mild intellectual disability.
A cross-sectional study was conducted through descriptive-analytic design. Fifty students with mild intellectual disability were selected through purposive sampling. The data collection tool used was Gresham and Elliot’s (1990) ‘Social Skills Rating System’ (teacher and parent form). This questionnaire has been developed in two parts: social skills and behavioral problems and is completed by both teachers and parents. Pearson’s correlation and linear regression were used for data analysis.
There was a significant relationship between social skills (parent form) and behavioral problems (0.40). Behavioral problems can predict social skills through a coefficient of 0.20.
These results indicate the importance of behavioral problems in social skills training program.

Stutter is determined by occuring high incidence or severe disruptions during the progressive speech. Parents often distrees due to the occurrence of stuttering in preschool child. The present research was done to determine the effectiveness of Lidcombe program treatment on reducing of preschool children's stuttering severity and their parent’s anxiety.
The present research was an interventional study and a single-case study with A-B-A design which was done on 5 preschool stuttering children in Shiraz. The subjects were selected from speech therapy clinics based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The intervention was conducted in 15 sessions. The anxiety of parents with Kettle questionnaire and the stuttering severity of children with scale stuttering severity SR (stuttering rate) and stuttered syllables percent (%SS) at the first base line (before the intervention) and the second base line (after the intervention) and during the intervention were calculated and compared.
The findings of the present research were analyzed based on visual analysis and descriptive statistics indexes. The findings showed that the intervention was effective on 5 subjects (PND=75-100%).
According to the results of study, there is a possibility that besides the effect of Lidcombe program treatment on reducing of preschool children's stuttering severity, this intervention can also be effective on reducing of the anxiety of their parents because this program was run by parents and causes a sense of power and confidence in them. Therefore, in choosing the treatment for stuttering in preschool children, the active involvement of parents in the treatment should be noted, especially when parents have anxiety.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of the wordmaginating teaching method in reducing learning problems and improvement of reading and writing skills of students.
20 children with learning disabilities LD (boys & girls) were trained in this research. They were selected randomly from clients of a LD center. Nine of these students were trained using traditional learning methods and eleven students were trained in the way of improved wordmaginating method. To assess student's learning conditions and characteristics, three sets of researcher-made reading and writing tests were used before and after the training course. Also, for follow-up, after six months of completion of the training course, the tests were applied.
Comparison of the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up of two groups in reading and writing skills (post-test P Wordmaginating teaching method not only improved the performances of reading and writing of the tested group significantly, but also the persistence of educational achievements after a few months, was confirmed.

Vocal characteristics can be influenced by the speakers’ race or ethnicity, age and the language used. How language alone influences vocal quality still remains unclear. To study how language alone affects vocal quality, the effect of age, race or ethnicity need to be excluded. This can be done by studying vocal characteristics associated with languages produced by adult bilingual speakers.
This was a descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study. 32 Persian/Turkish-Qashqai bilinguals (16 men and 16 women) who possessed the inclusion criteria were studied. Two continuous speech samples (Persian and Turkish-Qashqai) were obtained from the subjects. Fundamental Frequency values were obtained by the PRAAT software.
The mean fundamental frequency values in Persian and Turkish-Qashqai were 178.40 and 180.41 Hertz. The standard deviations in the two groups were 28.68 and 28.83, respectively. The mean Fundamental Frequency Range for Persian and Turkish-Qashqai were 227.69 and 218.62, respectively. The aforementioned numbers indicate that their differences were not statistically significant.
Given that the values of Fundamental Frequency were not significantly different between the Persian and Turkish-Qashqai languages, we can say that language has no effect on the voice of these people. Therefore, the same clinical norms of Fundamental Frequency that are used for Persians can be used for Turkish-Qashqai people too.

In order to evaluate the communication attitude of preschool children, we need a standard and reliable instrument appropriate to the goals. One of the most reliable tools for measuring communicative attitude of children is the KiddyCAT test. The purpose of the present study was to translate this test into Persian and investigation of its validity and reliability.
The study was conducted on 30 stuttering children between the ages of 3-6 years. After the translation and equivalence of the test into the Persian language, content and face validity of the test were determined by experts. Also, in order to investigate the test reliability, Cronbach alpha coefficient was used.
Results showed that the all the questions in the test had easy translation with appropriate quality. The data analysis indicated that the Persian version of the test has an accepted validity for assessment of the communication attitude in preschool children who stutter. The Cronbach alpha coefficient for the total test was 0. 83 (P The results of this study showed that the equivalent Persian version for the communication attitude test has high validity and reliability for Persian language-children.

The protectionist approach of two labor rights and social security branches, possibly caused that various factors which threatening the economic and social interests of workforces in a systematic framework, internationally and domestically, are identified and controlled. Meanwhile, the health of workers is more important, because it can prevent costly medical expenses and provide some funding for public health in addition to public health development, and promoting the quality of life for a big range of community. Labor and social security rights, as two field of internal public law are derived from the governments intervention in private relations of Work to support the workforces and realizing the goals of social justice.
The problem of reduced ability of work because of accident or illness is an important topic in this protection field and describe some legal ambiguities in labour code, especially in article21 and 32 in the case of disability are the points that is addressed in this paper.
At the end, the result was that in the form of a reduction in the ability of the workforce, total disability and partial disability resulting from any cause or from work or otherwise, cause to terminate the relationship of work and to enjoy social security benefits and allowances, therefore Article 21 of the labour code on this point was inexpressive.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of frankl’s logo therapy on mental health of mothers with exceptional children.
This research is a quasi-experimental including pre-test and post–test designs with dissimilar groups. The study population of this study was mothers with exceptional children of Tehran. Sampling was performed voluntarily, then, the 23 sampled mothers were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. Experimental group received 10 sessions for logo therapy training (each session was 90 min) while the control group did not receive it. The instrument of this study was the structured interview and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ).
The results showed that the mental health of mothers before and after the intervention had significant difference (p The logo therapy could increase the mental health of mother in experimental group, although this results was not obtained for control group.

In architecture of schools, it's necessary to pay attention to the desires and needs of the members and it is achieved through designing the details of the spaces based on the behavioral and motional patterns of the students. The purpose of this study is to pay attention to the necessity of designing the educational centers for students with mobility impairment and to increase the quality of such centers according to the special educational needs of these students.
In this paper, Taha School in Isfahan was studied under field analysis. This paper tries to analyze the spaces of the mentioned school via comparison with the global standards and then suggests suitable solutions to improve the quality of these schools.
The results include the latest global standards for designing schools of physically impaired kids, their comparison with the current situation at the studied school and understanding the strong and weak points of that design. The most important results are exhibited as tables, charts and numbers.
The results of the present study showed that the mobility impaired students have educational needs such as specific space standards, suitable furniture and equipment, spaces with wider dimensions, durable materials and etc which should be included in designing of their schools. The results of this study include: suggesting small-spaces and their plans, applications, required dimensions, furniture and etc in order to design educational spaces for mobility impaired persons with intention of improving the quality of these spaces.

Those people with schizophrenia have problems in interpersonal and social skills associated with social dysfunction. Facial recognition ability is an effective component of social functioning. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the facial emotion recognition and social functioning in the male schizophrenia patients and comparing them with the normal matched group.
The method of this study was analytical- descriptive and comparative investigations. 20 healthy controls and 20 schizophrenia patients who were matched in age, sex and educational level, were assessed in terms of the ability to match and naming facial emotion by a researcher-made test, and the interaction skills by the “Assessment of Communication and Interaction Skills” (ACIS) questionnaire. The sampling was performed from those patients who inhabited in Tolou rehabilitation center and supported houses in Tehran as census method and sampling of the healthy control group was performed as available method.
There were significant differences in scores of communication and interaction skills (p=0.050), anger faces naming (p=0.021), the number and reaction time of pictures with different emotion (p=0.003) and (p=0.001), respectively, and also reaction time of pictures with same emotion (p=0.050) between 2 groups. The relations between the “happy faces naming” with “communication and interaction skills” in the patient group (p=0.050), “the number of pictures with different emotion” with “information exchange” in the control group (p=0.047) and “reaction time of pictures with different emotion” with “information exchange” in the patient group showed significant differences (p=0. 018).
Given that only in a few cases, the recognition of emotional faces in schizophrenia patients was associated with the communication and interaction skills, therefore, there need the deeper and wider studies.

Stuttering is a disorder that affects a person emotionally and can cause functional disorders, depression, difficulty in communicating, and eventually the separation and isolation from social situations.This study aimed to determine the effect of teaching mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on improvement of cognitive, emotional and behavioral reactions in people with stuttering.
The researcher has benefited from the single-subject design (ABA). The statistical society of the present study consists of people with stuttering disorder who referred to IranShahr speech-therapy clinic in Isfahan. Among those referred to the clinic, three patients were selected voluntarily. The case study method (MBSR), which consists of eight two-hour sessions held once a week for participants. The overall assessment of the speaker's experience of stuttering (OASES-A) questionnaire was the tool used in this study. Data analysis was performed using the charts and the determination of the size of effect was performed by intra-situational and inter-situational analyses.
The results of intra-situational and inter-situational data analysis for three subjects indicated that the method of teaching mindfulness-based stress reduction was effective on the cognitive, emotional and behavioral reactions of people with stuttering disorders. Also, the result of this study was continued for a period of one month.
The method of Teaching Mindfulness-based stress reduction improves cognitive, emotional and behavioral reactions of people with stuttering disorders.

The present research was conducted with the purpose of comparison of marital satisfaction and general health in mothers of children with learning disabilities and mothers of normal children.
This research is a causal – comparative study. The statistical population of this research consisted of all mothers of children with learning disabilities in the city of Rasht. Of the population, 50 mothers of children with learning disabilities were selected based on convenience sampling. Also, 50 mothers of normal students who were matched for age and education with mothers in learning disability group, were selected as the control group. To collect the data, General Health Questionnaire-28 questions (Goldberg, 1972) and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (Olson, 1977) were used.
The results of analysis of multivariate variance showed that there is a significant difference between the two groups of mothers in all components of general health except for the physical symptoms and all components of marital satisfaction except for contractual answer and personality issues and sexual relations (p The study revealed that the mothers of children with learning disabilities are in a lower level than mothers of normal children in terms of marital satisfaction and some components of general health. In this regard, it is necessary to hold training classes for parents.

Autism is a developmental disorder in children which characterized with abnormal communicative-verbal and repetitive behaviors. The main cause of this disorder is unknown and has tremendous impact on individuals, families and society. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of children’s autism severity on hope and self-esteem of mothers.
The current research was correlation study. Fifty children with autism and their mothers in the Tehran city were selected through purposive sampling. The Gilliam Autism Rating Scale and Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Scale and Miller hopeful Inventory questionnaires were administered to them. The obtained data was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis.
The results showed negative and non-significant relationship between the severity of autism and hope level of their mothers (p=0.55). Also, there is a significant negative relationship between the severity level of children’s autism and self-esteem of their mothers (p=0.04). The findings showed that the severity of autism did not predict the hope level of their mothers, but explains 13% of mother's self-esteem (p=0.004).
According to the results of the present study, the severity of children’s autism can predict maternal self-esteem; therefore, it is proposed that some programs must be designed to promote self-esteem and self-efficacy of parents, especially mothers in the centers for education and rehabilitation of children with autism.

The mother as the main caregiver of the epileptic child in the family, confront with a high level of tensions and pressures. Hence, the employment of useful interventions in the enhancement of their mental health is of crucial importance. Therefore, the present research aims to investigate the effectiveness of counseling based on the improvement of the life quality on the promotion of psychological well-being in mothers of children with epilepsy.
The present research employed a semi-experimental method with pretest-posttest and control group design. The statistical population included all the epileptic children’s mothers which 30 individuals were selected through convenience sampling, who out of which 20 mothers who had a lower score than average on psychological well-being were screened and randomly assigned into the two experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent ten 120-minute sessions of counseling based on the improvement of life quality while the control group didn’t receive any interventions. Ryff’s psychological well-being scale was used to collect the data.
The data were analyzed using one-way covariance test and the results indicated that, counseling based on the improvement of the quality of life has a significant effect on the enhancement of psychological well-being in mothers of children with epilepsy (p=0.001).
Counseling based on the improvement of the quality of life can be used as an appropriate intervention to enhance psychological health in mothers of children with epilepsy.

Depression is a common symptom in patients with Multiple sclerosis (MS). Several reasons contribute to depression in these patients, such as motor disability and inability to perform activities of daily living; while the balance is one of the most important effective factors. So, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between balance and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis.
This study was performed using descriptive-analysis, cross-sectional method. People with MS who refer to Isfahan hospitals participate in the study. Convenience sampling was conducted for participants. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, only 35 among 95 clients were selected. After recording the demographic information, Beck Depression Inventory and Berg Balance Scale were used to assess depression and balance, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed via SPSS-18 software and Spearman correlation test was used at 5% error level (p The subjects participated in this study consisted of 21 women and 14 men aged 20-60 (32±8.92). The Mean score for Berg Scale was 45.14±10.12 and mean score for Beck Inventory was 17.74±9.65. Statistical analysis of data showed that there is a significant correlation between balance and depression (r= -0.485, p=0.004).
Since the balance and depression problems were seen in the samples of this study, as well as its negative effects on different aspects of life in patients with MS, the existence of balance and depression assessment for comprehensive planning treatment and rehabilitation program seems necessary.

The study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of training software on eliminating dysgraphia of third grade elementary students in learning disorders treatment centers.
This is a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design and with control group. The statistical population includes all third grade elementary students (boys and girls) with learning disorder in Hamedan city in the education year of 2014-2015. The sample size included 30 students which were selected by simple random sampling. Of this number, randomly, 15 patients in the experimental group and 15 patients in the control group were replaced. Wechsler’s intelligent test, a dictation test and training software designed by the researcher were used. The experimental group was taught by the training software 12 sessions of 45 minutes twice a week, and the control group was taught by the conventional methods. The descriptive statistic indexes were used including percentages, mean, variance, standard deviation and covariance analysis.
The findings showed that the teaching by the use of training software has a significant effect on the eliminating the dysgraphia of the students. (p Computer based educational interventions were effective on the learning performance of those students with learning disabilities. This training method can be suggested to the scientific community of learning disorders as an effective and efficient method to eliminate the dysgraphia.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy and Meta- cognitive treatment on improvement the symptoms in women with obsessive-compulsive disorder in Khorramabad city.
For this study, 45 women with obsessive-compulsive disorder in the city of Khorramabad were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly assigned in experimental and control groups using the quasi-experimental research of pretest-posttest design (15 people were in the experimental group based on the acceptance and commitment therapy, 15 people were in the meta cognitive treatment experimental group and 15 people were in the control group) The Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (1980) was used. The data were analyzed by ANOVA.
The ANOVA findings showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (p0.05).
One of the causes of obsessive thoughts and actions in adults is the weakness in setting up cognitive skills, therefore, Meta cognitive treatments and acceptance and commitment therapy are useful treatment ways for starting appropriate mechanisms to recognize inappropriate thoughts for improving symptoms of this disorder.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of Panoura and Philpuo's meta-cognition skills training on math performance, self-concept, self-regulation and motivation of students with math learning disability.
In this study, 30 fourth grade students from Isfahan city selected with multistage cluster random sampling in both experimental and control group. The instruments were included Panoura and Philipuo meta-cognition questionnaire, training Tabrizi dyscalculia diagnostic checklist, Raven's Progressive Matrices and math achievement test. To experimental group was thught12 sessions of 60 minutes meta-cognition techniques, self-concept, self-regulation and motivation, then again after one month were tested from both groups.
Results of multivariate analysis of covariate (MANCOVA) showed a significant difference between the experimental group and control group in mathematic performance, self-concept, self-regulation and motivation (P Meta-cognitive skills as learning basic math interventions may be an effect therapeutic approach to mathematics learning disabilities.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of life skills training on cognitive emotion regulation strategies in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders.
The study’s procedure was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design employing a control group. The participants include 30 mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders in Shiraz who were selected by in available sampling method and assigned into experimental and control group, randomly hence, each group consists of 15 mothers. Both groups were undergone a pre-test. The experimental group received life skills training in 12 sessions while control group did not. After the intervention period for experimental group the post-test was administered for both groups. The Granefski and et al(2001)cognitive emotion regulation strategies scale was employed to assess the cognitive emotion regulation strategies.
The data analyses by ANCOVA showed that there was a significant increase in the mean scores of positive reappraisal(P=0.003), positive refocusing(P=0.004), self-blame(P=0.000), blaming others(P=0.007), catastrophising(P Observations implied the interference of life skills training for improving cognitive emotion regulation strategies of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Therefore, as the study’s findings implied, life skills training program construction and employment is highly recommendable to improve cognitive emotion regulation strategies of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders.

This study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of teaching forgiveness based on Enright model and enriching the relationships on mental wellbeing and life quality of dissatisfied women from their marital life in the city of Khoram Abad.
the statistical population of the study was married women living in Khoram Abad in 2013 who referred to medical and clinical centers and had marital dissatisfaction. In order to do the research, 45 women having marital dissatisfaction were selected through available sampling with semi-experimental research design and via pretest- posttest type using control group and they were put into experimental and control groups (15 individuals in the group of testing forgiveness, 15 individuals in testing relationship enrichment and 15 in control group). The interventions dealing with treatment teaching was carried out on experimental group according to forgiveness and relationship enrichment. The applied instruments were Ryff (1980) questionnaire of psychological wellbeing, life quality (1996) and Enrich (1989) questionnaire of marital satisfaction. The achieved data were analyzed through multi-variable covariance analysis method.
Findings: the results of multi-variable covariance analysis indicated that there is a significant difference between groups. In examining mono-variable testing it was proved that grouping variable was able to make significant difference in both variables of psychological wellbeing and marital satisfaction.
taking the features of forgiveness treatment and relationship enrichment into account, these two treatment models can be utilized to improve the psychological wellbeing and life satisfaction in dissatisfied women from marital life.

Introdouction: The aime of this research was to determine the effectiveness of child- centered play therapy with approach Axline training on mood change (Depression) in children with learning Disabilities .
The method of this research was quasi experimental(pre test- post test with control groups).The population of this research was all of students (boys and girls ) with learning disabilities in yazd. 30 students 7- 8 referred to learning disabilities shahied Namdar center in the yazd, were selected by purposeful sampling method and were assignment in to group (15 experimental and 15 control). The experimental group received 8 sessions in two time(twice weekly )of child- centered play therapy with approach Axline training and the control group which did not receive any intervention. The Instruments of this research was interview clinical interview and child Depression Inventory (CDI). data were analyzed by ANCOVA analysis.
The results if the analysis of covariance showed that effectiveness of child- centered play therapy with approach Axline training on mood change (Depression) in children with learning Disabilities .
Findings generally showed that the child- centered play therapy training to reduce mood change (Depression) in children with learning Disabilities(p

The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the effect of self-regulation learning strategies training on writing in children with Attention Deficient Disorder / Hyperactivity.
The study design was quasi-experimental with two groups, pre-test and post-test. Two elementary schools of Semnan were selected in an available way. SNAP-IV questionnaire (teacher’s form) ,Rutter’s Behavioral Disorder Questionnaire (teacher’s form), and Wechsler IQ Test were implemented. Essay Test was conducted on students who got cut-off score in attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) .30 students that the length of their essay was less than 100 words were included in study and were assigned into experimental and control groups. participants of experimental group received eight 60-minute sessions of self-regulation learning strategies training, but the participants of control group received no intervention. The scores of post-test and one-month follow-up were collected and data were analyzed using repeated measures variance analysis.
The findings showed that student's performance in all components of the study , including time of planning, time of writing, the length of the text, linking words, basic elements of the writing, and overall quality of the writing significantly improved. The one-month follow-up confirmed the sustainability of the taught strategies.
Self-regulation learning strategies training can improve the components of the writing and its overall quality.

The aim of the present research is to study the prevalence of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and its relation with the demographics of students in the first and second grade of primary schools in Isfahan.
The study was a descriptive survey. The population of the study consisted of all the first and second grade students of primary schools of Isfahan in the educational calendar of 2013-14. Using stratified sampling (share), the population was 1288 people. To conduct the research, first the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire (parent’s form) (Salehi, et. al, 2012) together with demographic questionnaire (self-made) were distributed among the children of the first and second grade of primary school. After the initial screening, the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire (Teachers) (Salehi, et. al., 2011) was used and finally for a precise diagnosis of the persons with developmental coordination disorder the clinical observations were employed.
Results show that of all 1288 children under the study, 35 patients were determined with developmental coordination disorder and the prevalence of this disorder in Isfahan was 2.7 percent. Also, the results show that prevalence of DCD in the first grade of primary school children is 3.41% and in the second grade of primary school children in Isfahan is 2 .02%. Furthermore, the prevalence of developmental coordination disorder was 2.94% in boys and 2.3% in girls. Of course, there was no statistically significant gender difference in boys and girls. Additionally, in relation with DCD and demographic characteristics of this disorder with the age and gender of the children, nor with the age, educations, and occupation of parents, mothers’ age of pregnancy, number of the children at home and the order of the child, no significant relationship was observed and it was significantly associated only with the status of a child's education (p Since this disorder has effects on the motor skills, self-concept, self-esteem and academic skills of students, therefore, early diagnosis and timely treatment of this disorder seems necessary.

Background and Aggressive behavior stems from feelings of frustration, annoying provide stimulus to another, and the inability to control anger is to defend, wars and destruction carried and cause injury to a person, object or system. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between stress and parenting satisfaction parity with mothers of children with aggressive style.
The study sample consisted of all mothers of aggressive students in grades one through six elementary schools in Tehran. 110 mothers of children in the evaluation of Child Behavior Checklist aggression scores were high (clinical and borderline levels), satisfaction surveys parity, style Parenting and parenting stress were completed. Data using SPSS software and analyzed using multiple regression analysis.
Results of statistical analysis showed that variables related to authoritarian parenting satisfaction parity is negative (P0.05 r = -0.02), and The only authoritative style of parenting styles and the satisfaction of parity prediction is that this reflects the importance of parity in the way of parenting is satisfying (P=0.03).
When you have problems in the family system roles, responsibilities and parenting practices are reviewed prior to performing a reorganization.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of music therapy (lullabies) on physiological parameters and growth of premature infants during the " Kangaroo mother Care" (kmc).
method design was experimental and population were premature infants of babol city from esfand 1392 to bahman 1393. Because of the difficulties of achieving a sample of premature infants, available sampling was used. The sample consist of 24 premature infants(12 in control group and 12 in experimental group).first fertility specification questioner completed and physiological parameters, including heart rate (per minute) and arterial oxygen saturation were recorded on “symptom form” on a daily basis . Growth indicators, including height and head circumference were recorded on “Fenton growth curve" on a weekly basis.
data analysis showed that the effect of repeated weight was significant but the interactive effects of repeated weight in groups was not significant while the effect of repeated head circumference and height was significant and the interactive effects of head circumference and height was significant .differences between two groups in (ratemax), (changemin) ,(changemax) ,(Spo2min) and (Spo2mid) were significant.
results suggest that (kmc) with lullaby have an important role in improving infants and maternal comfort and can serve as a complement to environmental protection along with medical support.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder Is a debilitating anxiety disorder Characterized by The obsessive and compulsive actions. Metacognition is a multi-faceted concept Which includes knowledge, processes, and strategies The recognition of appraisal, monitoring or control. Initial schema As a template Used for the processing of experiences And around Life Spread And behaviors Thoughts and feelings And relationships with other people Determines theThe aim of this study was to comparison the relationship between meta-cognitive beliefs and components of primary maladaptive schemas with signs of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Azad University of Ahvaz students.
This study was correlative. Of this population, 384 students (192 girls and 192 boys) have been selected randomly. Measurement tools included: Meta cognition Questionnaire (MCQ), Schema Questionnaire- short form (SQ-SF), Maudzley Obsessive – Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). The results showed that there was a positive significantrelationship between primary maladaptive schemas and OCD in general (r=0/532, P=0/001). Multivariate linear correlation coefficient was equal MR=0/944, RS=0/891 for combining elements of primary maladaptive schemas and meta-cognitive beliefs in OCD girl and boy students which was significant in 0/05 level.
The resultsThe increaseInitial schemaObsessive-Compulsive DisorderStudentsIncrease ,Increasing Beliefs Obsessive-compulsive disorder they increased.

The present study Effect of body image using metacognition strategies of social psychological adjustment Isfahan low-vision students were enrolled in schools for the blind.
This quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest design with a control group.The study population consisted of low-vision students in eighth grade boys six areas of Isfahan was the 2015-2016 academic year. Multistage random cluster sampling was carried out; then sampled 30 randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group for 10 sessions of body image were using metacognitive strategies while the control group did not receive any training. In this research, California social adjustment questionnaire, body image and body image education program has been using metacognition strategies. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software was used.
The results showed that the social adaptation in the pre-intervention and post-intervention was significantly different (p Body image training sessions using metacognition strategies to promote social adjustment in the group have been tested.

What keeps people's mental and physical balancing is logical and correct coping with stressful stimuli. In severe cases with inability to cope with stress, the possibility to occurring risky behaviors can be considerably increased. The present study aimed to compare different styles of copying with stress and risk-taking in patients with AIDS and healthy individuals.
In a research study, 50 patients aged 20 to 45 years with AIDS referred to Valfajr health center in Tehran in 2013 were assessed. Also, 50 healthy individuals considered as the control. To evaluate the coping stress styles, a specific questionnaire developed by Parker and Endler and for assessing the risk-taking, the questionnaire for risk-taking was used, and data analysed by Anova Test and T-Test.
The results showed that there was Significant difference copying styles and risk-taking behaviors between two groups people with HIV and healthy individuals. There was significant difference in all of Subscales coping styles (problem oriented coping , excitement oriented coping , avoidant coping and attention handling ) but there was no significant difference found in social entertainment. There was significant difference in the rate of risk taking two groups.
People having HIV use emotional and avoidance- coping in stressful situation more than normal people, and also have more risk than normal people in their life.

Combined training has been recommended as an effective rehabilitation intervention to improve health in elderly. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sequence order of combined training (resistance and endurance) on health related quality of life in older women.
In this quasi-experimental research, 40 retired elderly women of education (Age: 60.34±0.82 years old, High: 155±0.01 cm, Weight: 71.72±1.89 kg and BMI: 29.45±0.63 kg/m2) were selected purposely and placed randomly into four groups: endurance strength (E) (n=9), strength endurance (S) (n=10), circulation combined (CI) (n=12) and control (n=9) groups. Health related quality of life of subjects was measured before and after training course by SF-36 Health Survey questionnaire. Training programs were done for eight weeks and 3 days a week. Within-group differences were analyzed by paired samples t-test and the between-group differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA.
The results showed that after 8 weeks of combined training, the CI group experienced a significant increase in dimension of bodily pain (p=0.025). In between-group differences there was a significant difference in dimension of physical pain between the CI and Control group (p=0.011). S group had a significant increase in general health (p=0.036).
According to the results, combination training with the order of S can improve the general health dimension of health related quality of life in older people.

Investigation of mental health in disabled people using both components of psychopathology and positive psychology will provide more complete information about the state of their mental health. The aim of this study is to compare the psychological well-being and general health of physically disabled persons with normal people.
In this causal-comparative study, sixty disabled persons (30 females, 30 males) and sixty normal participants (30 females, 30 males) were selected voluntarily through the convenience sampling in Qaemshahr, Iran. The research instruments included Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWBS) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). The used statistical methods were descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).
The results of MANOVA showed that there were significant differences between two groups based on the environmental mastery (p=0.009), autonomy (p=0.034), personal growth (p=0.020), somatic symptoms (p=0.009), and social dysfunction (p=0.040), but in terms of the research variables the differences between two groups of disabled women and men were not significant.
According to the findings of this study, it seems that disability leads to reduce the general health and psychological well-being. For promotion of mental health of disabled people, attention to the components of mental health is important from the perspective of both the psychopathology and positive psychology approaches.

Reading is one of the basic skills required in this era. Obviously, reading disorders can cause many problems for individuals. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of storytelling on enhancing self-concept and attitude towards reading in students with dyslexia.
The present study in terms of methodology was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design with control and experimental groups. The population in this study consisted of all elementary school students with dyslexia in the academic year 2013-2014, of whom 24 students were randomly selected and assigned into two experimental and control groups, randomly. To collect data in the study, intelligence test (Wechsler, 1969), official test of reading and dyslexia (Karami Nouri and Moradi, 2009), reading self-concept questionnaire (Ahluwalia, 1961), and reading attitude questionnaire (Mackena and Kerr, 1990) were employed. Story training program was held in 8 sessions for students in the experimental group; however, the control group received no training in this regard.
The results of ANCOVA for posttest scores of self-concept and attitudes toward reading showed that, removing the pre-test scores effects, the effect of storytelling on post-test scores was significant (p According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that teaching an application such as story-based training as a new creative approach to students with dyslexia can arouse their interest in reading and modify their misconceptions about themselves.

Children with autism spectrum disorder make up a group of children with special needs, who are confronted with various problems in social skills, especially in making friends. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of Befriending Skills Training (BST) on improving social behaviors in children with autism.
A pretest-posttest control group design was used. The study population consisted of 5 to 7 year old autistic children living in Karaj, Iran, in the 2013-14 school year. A total of 22 children, who met the inclusion criteria, in the study were recruited using random sampling procedures and were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. Care was taken to recruit autistic children with minimal social behavior for training. The data collection instruments used in this study were as follows: the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) designed by Auyeung, Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright and Ellison (2008) and the Social Behavior Questionnaire (Teacher Version) developed by Usher and Cassidy (1992). The experimental group received 10 sessions of Befriending Skills Training over 5 weeks including befriending strategies, maintaining friendship skills. A descriptive analysis of the data, namely, mean and standard deviation was obtained for data analysis.
The results show that Befriending Skills Training reduces shyness and seclusion in shy/withdrawn children with autism (p It was concluded that Befriending Skills Training reduces shyness and seclusion in shy/withdrawn children with autism. Therefore, this program can be used in designing intervention programs by professionals and educators.

Learning disability refers to a diverse group of disorders that may lead to difficulty in reading, writing or mathematics. Children with learning disabilities may face educational difficulties in their classroom. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of music therapy on the improvement of reading and writing performance in children with learning disabilities.
The study was quasi experimental with post–test, pretest control group design. For the purpose of this study, 58 students (28 students with reading disorder (14 students in experimental group and 14 students in experimental group) and 30 individuals with writing disorders (15 students in experimental group and 15 students in experimental group) were selected through convenient sampling and randomly assigned into four groups (two control and two experimental groups). Posttest was conducted for all four groups after holding seven sessions of music therapy in experimental groups.
The results of ANCOVA showed that music therapy has a positive effect on reading disorder (p Music therapy improves the performance of reading and writing in students with learning disabilities. Therefore, mental health experts and administrators of educational institutions are recommended to employ music therapy in order to improve educational performance in students with reading and writing disorders.

This study aimed at extracting indicators of visibility quality assessment in urban spaces for the elderly with disability and assessing them in the Chahar Bagh Abbasi street of Isfahan.
Being descriptive-analytical, the present research employed library and field study for collecting data. First, the concepts and principles related to the senior citizens, urbanism and their interactions were explored. Then, various theoretical frameworks were used to extract visibility assessment of signposts in age-friendly urban spaces. A total of 100 participants took a questionnaire to assess the aforementioned sign posts. In addition, Qualitative analysis was used to assess street signposts on the basis of relations defined by the researchers as well as the existing standards. In the end, quantitative analysis through SPSS software was used to assess how desirable the existing signposts are.
Both quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed that colors of floors and walls were the most desirable aspects of sign posts under investigation, with 100% and 98% desirability rate respectively, while the maps, public transportation signs, floor signs in building were the least desirable aspects of the signposts for seniors with disability in the Chahar Bagh-e Abbasi street of Isfahan each with a zero percent desirability rate. The size and dimensions of concrete masonry units achieved a desirability rate of 5%.
The results seem to suggest that it is necessary to assess other basic qualities such as safety, security, accessibility and convenience for aging people. As such, the following solutions are suggested: equipping bus stations with high quality sings and maps for directions, using concrete masonry units with appropriate size, increasing the number of floor signs in crowded locations. It is hoped that such measures will increase visibility of signposts to seniors with disabilities in Chahar Bagh Abbasi street of Isfahan as well as helping them, especially those suffering from memory disorders, to find their way.