فصلنامه پژوهش های تاریخی
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 29، بهار 1395)

From 92 to 898 A.H, Muslims settled in Andalusia. This region was regarded as one of the part of Islamic world. The outcome of this study demonstrates that Shiite had different circumstances compared with eastern districts of Khelafat in Andalusia during Muslims era. This essay tries to examine the reasons of Shiite's weakness in this region. The reasons such as the absence of followers and companions of Imams and Shiite tribes in Andalusia, the dominance of Omaviyan, Uzai and Maleki groups that were the opponents of Shiite can be considered.

The contemporary history of Iran has been influenced by oil revenues. Apparently, the examination of changes of recent years is impossible or at least difficult without the consideration of oil and its effects on different aspects. The present study aims to investigate the role of oil in the backgrounds of Islamic revolution of Iran. In other words, the factors including education, press, revenues of oil and public consciousness had a great influence on political- social backgrounds i.e. discontent for Islamic revolution of Iran. This research is based on historical resources such as documents, books and journals with descriptive- analytical approach.

The present Study endeavors to investigate the routes of Shiraz to Isfahan from the early Islamic periods to the advent of Safavid Empire. The main questions of this study are: what were the direction of these routes? And what made such routes functional and essential?
The outcome of this research confirms that cites (Isfahan and Shiraz) were connected by 3 routes during early Islamic centuries from historical geography's approach. Such routes consists of western direction called Simirum, eastern direction named Estakhar and central direction called Main Run. Despite of expansion of eastern routes in middle period, such routes were extensively utilized by the advent of Safavid government. The reasons for expansion of such routes can be considered generally and specifically. In general, the factors including political centralization, security, economic policy, change of capital, etc. and specifically, reforms of local governments, the attempts of tribal and religious groups for obtaining the political concession can be regarded.

The tendency to the tradition of Prophet was considerable from the beginning of Khelafat period. The tradition of Prophet not only provided a practical model for resolving the problems of society but also was used as a tool for competitors to indicate their political _ social ideas. Such trend was based on various attitudes which led to the falsification of tradition by neglecting of narrators and highlighting or underestimating some narratives. In such atmosphere, the correction of falsification and indication of historical facts were essential for knowledgeable and sophisticated characters. In Imam Sajjad period, the peril of falsification increased due to the collection of narratives of Prophet's tradition. Therefore, Imam Sajjad strongly reacted against the falsification by revealing the historical fact.
The present study investigates the role of Imam Sajjad in the correction of tradition's falsification for defending the rights of Ahl Al Beyt – family of Prophet – via self- expression and response to questions with descriptive _ analytical approach.

Historical geography of Persian Gulf has still unknown points despite of conducted researches. The texts of Sif can be offered the new information about cultural interaction history of this region. Term Sif has been utilized for description of northern coasts of Persian Gulf. In other words, this term has been mentioned as Arabic word in encyclopedia.
The present study investigates not only the relationship between Sif term and the historical geography of northern coasts of Persian Gulf due to the necessity of the role of historical geography in researches related to the terms but also the examination of changes of Sif. The evidences based on linguistic, historical and geographical data reveal that term "sif" has origin in historical geography of Persian Gulf coasts and Persian language. From the 10th century, the term ''Sif'' has been altered from a term for all coasts of ancient Persia to a name for Shif district in Bushehr. This study is based on library information and oral studies with historical approach.

The inauguration of Suez Canal, which connects the Mediterranean Sea to Red Sea, had a great impact on marine communications. In other words, this canal not only offered the easier access of European countries to their colonies in Asia because of the new marine route between Asia and Europe but also developed the use of steamboats instead of sailboats due to its specific geographical position. In fact, the trade between Asia and Europe spanned via the seas located between Asia and Europe after four centuries as the result of inauguration of Suez Canal in 1869A.D. Furthermore, the importance of Seas i.e. Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and black Sea had the great economic _ political role in the world and the expansion of rivalry between countries in Persian Gulf due to this canal.
This study investigates to the process of diving Suez and the influence of Suez Canal on marine changes among the countries, especially in Persian Gulf by the beginning of the First World War. The outcome of this study demonstrates that the inauguration of Suez Canal led to the rivalry situation for England in the period of its supremacy.

The access to seas and high seas was one of the significant concerns of Iranian government's foreign policy during history. The geographical position of Iran- located two seas in north and south of it- provided a golden opportunity for Iranian government to have the influential role in international trade and protection of national security. Ilkhanid government settled in a land which lying from Oxus in east to Euphrates in west and from southern coasts of Black sea in north to Persian Gulf in south. By employing marine policy in commercial relations, Ilkhanid government played a substantial role in international trade during middle Ages. The factors of Ilkhanid's marine trade were based on dominance over Caucasus and election of Azarbayejan district as capital, sovereignty over Mesopotamia in order to control Red Sea and Indian Ocean and also influence over Anatolia and Asia Minor in order to control the southern ports of Black Sea. This marine policy had some considerable consequences such as control of commercial routes between East and West, Competition with Golden Horde and Mamalik government, relations with commercial government of Mediterranean districts and inauguration of commercial road of Tabriz to Hormoz and from Hormoz to Indian Ocean and China Sea which was regarded to be a significant event in international trade history.
This research investigates the role of Ilkhanid's marine policy in changes of marine trades between East and West. The outcome of such research demonstrates that Ilkhanid government not only resisted against local marine and its rivals but also had the effective role in connection of marine trade districts of Mediterranean, Black Sea and Indian Ocean.