فهرست مطالب
Iranian Journal of Health Sciences
Volume:4 Issue: 1, Winter 2016
- تاریخ انتشار: 1395/02/02
- تعداد عناوین: 8
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Pages 1-9Background andPurposeRecently, release of pollutants such as pharmaceuticals to the environment becomes one of the most important problems for soil and water. The present study was conducted to introduce walnut shell-based activated carbon (AC) as a new low-cost adsorbent for the removal of cephalexin (CFX) antibiotic from aqueous solutions.Materials And MethodsThis study was conducted in laboratory scale. To investigation of the morphology of the prepared walnut shell AC and nanoparticles, scanning electron microscopy analysis was applied. The effect of the presence of Fe2O3 and SiO2 nanoparticles on the adsorption of CFX on the walnut shell AC is also studied.ResultsThe maximum removal efficiency (RE) was obtained 98.4% at 100 mg/L initial CFX concentration and decreased to 72.9% with increasing in the initial CFX concentration to 200mg/L. The results showed that the presence of nanoparticles in the optimum increased the RE of CFX by about 2.1 and 6.5% for Fe2O3 and SiO2 nanoparticles, respectively.ConclusionResults suggest the potential of using the walnut shell AC as an adsorbent for effective treatment of pharmaceutical-contaminated wastewaters.Keywords: Batch Adsorption, Cephalexin, Nanoparticle, Activated Carbon, Walnut Shell
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Pages 10-19Background andPurposeJob stress is an important psychological factor. Musculoskeletal disorders are among the most common causes of disability in industrialized and developing countries. Therefore, this study aimed to assess job stress and its relationship with the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in office workers of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Iran.Materials And MethodsA total of 234 office workers from Zahedan University of Medical Sciences were selected by census sampling. Data were collected using the Health and Safety Executives Management Standards Indicator Tool and the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire. Pearsons correlation coefficients, independent t-test, analysis of variance, and chi-square tests were performed to analyze the data.ResultsThe mean age and work experience of the participants were 35.25 ± 8.37 and 9.20 ± 2.64 years, respectively. The mean stress scores of men and women were 95.6 ± 13.1 and 95.2 ± 14.8, respectively. Stress showed a significant relationship with pain intensity in the middle andlower back, shoulders, and wrists. It was also significantly related with the frequency of pain in the neck, upper back, middle back, lower back, (left) shoulder, and both wrists (P ≤ 0.050).ConclusionThere were significant relationships between stress and pain in different parts of the body among office workers. In fact, high levels of stress were associated with musculoskeletal disorders and pain in different limbs of the subjects. Hence, stress reduction programs should be implemented to control the levels of stress and the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders among the studied workers.Keywords: Job Stress, Musculoskeletal Disorders, Office Workers, Zahedan (Iran)
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Pages 20-30Background andPurposePhenol and derivatives are common pollutants of drinking water which are blamed for crucial adverse effects such as poisoning, cancer, and malformation. In this study, an activated carbon of Miswaks root (MR) was used for the removal of phenol from aqueous solutions as a low-cost and high surface adsorbent.Materials And MethodsAdsorption experiments were then conducted in a batch reactor with activated carbon prepared from MR and treated with KMnO4 to study the effects of contact time (0-180 minutes), pH (3-13), initial phenol concentration (100-1000 mg/L), and adsorbent dosage (0.1-1 g/L) at lab temperature 30 ± 1° C on sorption efficiency. KMnO4treatment influenced the physicochemical properties of the carbon and improved its adsorption rate.ResultsThe results showed that the equilibrium time of adsorption was 120 minutes maximum adsorption capacity (94.76% phenol removed) of the MR carbon was 142.15 mg/g at pH 5, the initial concentration of 100 mg/L, 30° C and 180 minutes contact time. The optimum type of MR adsorbent was produced in 800° C. The equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and fitted well with the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.9821) better than Langmuir (R2 = 0.7551) model.ConclusionThe results revealed that the carbon of MR modified with KMnO4 had a satisfactory quality in phenol adsorption and can well be used as a novel, inexpensive, effective, and efficient adsorbent for the removal of phenol from the aquatic environment.Keywords: Salvadora Persica, Miswak's Root, Adsorption, Freundlich, Phenol
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Pages 31-36Background andPurposeCervical cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women in the world. Cervical cancer is no symptoms and can be treated if diagnosed in the first stage of the disease. The aim of this study was to survey the affecting factors of the Pap smears test on perceptual factors, enabling and reinforcing (PEN-3) model constructs in women.Materials And MethodsThis study was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sample size was 416 married women with random sampling. The questionnaire had 50 questions based on PEN-3 model structures. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and logistic regression method in software SPSS 20.ResultsThe mean age of women was 32.70 ± 21.00 years. The knowledge of risk factors and screening methods for cervical cancer was 37.2. About 40% of women had a history of Pap smears. The most important of perception factors were effective, family history of the disease, encourage people to Pap smear, and fear of detecting of cervical cancer. The most important enabling factors were the presence of expert health personnel to provide training and Pap smear test (50.3%), lack of time and too busy to do Pap smear test (23.2%). The reinforcing factors were the media advice (41.3%), doctors advice (32.5%) and neglect and forgetfulness (36.2%).ConclusionThis study has shown the Pap smear screening behavior affected by personal factors, family, cultural and economic. Application of PEN-3 can effective in planning and designing intervention programs for cervical cancer screening.Keywords: Pap Smear, Cervical Cancer, Perceptual Factors, Enabling, Reinforcing, 3
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Pages 37-44Background andPurposeFluoride is a natural element essential for human nutrition due to its benefits for dental enamel. It is well-documented that standard amounts of fluoride in drinkingwater can decrease the rate of dental caries. This study was conducted with the aim of measuring fluoride concentration of drinking-water supplies and urban distribution system in Qom, Iran.Materials And MethodsResults were subsequently compared against national and international standards. All sources of drinking-water of rural and urban areas were examined. To measure fluoride, the standard SPADNS method and a DR/4000s spectrophotometer were used.ResultsResults showed that the mean of fluoride concentration in rural areas, mainly supplied with groundwater sources, was 0.41 mg/L, that of the urban distribution system 0.82 mg/L, that of Ali-Abad station 0.11 mg/L, and that of the private water desalination system 0.24 mg/L. Due to the hot climate of Qom, fluoride concentration means of all sources were lower than the permissible standards set by Iranian Standards and the WHO guidelines (except those of some of the groundwater sources and urban distribution systems).ConclusionIt seems that in most of the drinking-water sources the average fluoride concentration is not enough to prevent dental caries or strengthen dental enamel. It is concluded that Qoms drinkingwater would require at least 0.4 mg/L to reach the minimum desirable standard.Keywords: Drinking, Water Sources, Fluoride Concentration, Dental Caries, Qom, Iran
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Pages 45-52as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Staphylococcus that appropriate disinfection can reduce these pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different disinfectants on Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the surface of accidents and burn hospital in Yazd.Materials And MethodsIn this study, 240 samples were randomly collected from different parts of accidents and burn hospital before and after disinfection. The samples were cultured on blood agar and Eusion-Metilen-Blue agar media in the Microbiology Laboratory of Medicine School of Shahid Sadoughi University in Yazd and Colony counting were determined. Identification was done by biochemical tests after incubation at 37° C for 48 hours. The studied disinfectants were Deconex 50AF, Descoscid, Epimax SC, and Silvosept. At last, data were analyzed with using paired t-test.ResultsThe Gram-negative bacteria were isolated from burn unit before disinfection included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., Acinetobacter spp., and Enterobacter spp. According to the results, all disinfectants reduced the pollution before and after disinfection; nevertheless, this reduction at the time of using Epimax SC and Silvosept only showed a significant difference for P. aeruginosa (P = 0.001 and 0.003) and for E. coli (P = 0.020 and 0.005), respectively.ConclusionAll disinfectants were effective on Gram-negative bacteria isolated from surfaces and had shown a significant difference only between P. aeruginosa and E. coli number before and after disinfection by Epimax SC and Silvosept. The most effective disinfectant on P. aeruginosa and E. coli was Epimax SC and Silvosept, respectively.Keywords: Burn Unit, Disinfectant, Gram, negative Bacteria
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Pages 53-61Background andPurposeIn the environment, heavy metals in high concentration are toxic to most organisms. Human activities have continuously increased the concentration of these metals in the environment such as soils. In the present study, soil samples collected from Ahvaz IV industrial estate in Khuzestan Province.Materials And MethodsThe soil samples were taken from 9 stations in 4 cardinal directions at two distances (300 and 600 m) with three replicates in 2013. Samples subjected to bulk digestion and chemical partitioning. The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Ni, and Sn in soil were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. We used geoaccumulation index (I-geo) and pollution index (Ipoll) to assessment the soil contamination in the soil samples. Furthermore, all statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS statistical package.ResultsI-geo and Ipoll results indicated that the soil samples are unpolluted to moderately polluted for all metals. The anthropogenic portion of metals are as follows: Fe (93%) > Ni (84.2%) > Mn (79.5%) > Sn (64%). Furthermore, the percent of anthropogenic pollution was more than percent of the natural portion.ConclusionMetals concentration had the highest rate at a distance of 300 m from the contaminant of the source. The result of cluster analysis showed that there is strong relationship among all metals.Keywords: Soil Contamination, I, geo, Heavy Metal, Anthropogenic Pollution, Ahvaz IV Industrial Estate
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Pages 62-72Background andPurposeInvestigation of the seasonal pattern of brucellosis occurrence may help us to determine the etiology of disease. Seasonal pattern of brucellosis in different parts of Iran has been reported by several studies. Combining the results of these studies provide a reliable estimation of a total seasonal pattern of this zoonosis disease. This study aims to determine the overall pattern of brucellosis in Iran using meta-analysis method.Materials And MethodsRelevant evidence was identified searching the national and international databanks. Eligible articles were entered into the final meta-analysis after comprehensive review of evidence as well as quality assessment. We also calculated the standard error of the incidence according to binomial distribution formula. Because of the significant heterogeneity observed between the results, random effects model was used to combine the results. All data analyses were conducted using Stata software.ResultsIn total, 26 studies were entered into this systematic review including 17,311 subjects. Incidences (95% confidence intervals) of brucellosis in Iran during spring, summer, autumn and winter were estimated as of 34.4% (30.3-38.6), 33.2% (30.7-35.7), 16.4% (13.3 19.5) and 14.9% (12.7-17.1), respectively.ConclusionThis meta-analysis showed that the highest incidences of brucellosis are occurred during spring and summer, while the lowest incidences are occurred during winter and autumn.Keywords: Brucellosis, Season, Systematic Review, Meta, analysis, Iran