فصلنامه مطالعات روابط بین الملل
پیاپی 32 (زمستان 1394)

In the framework of Ahmadinejad foreign policy to the Asian countries especially his look to east policy, china had highest status and influenced Iranian foreign policy but Iran-China relations never promoted to comprehensive cooperation level. This paper aims to find answers to the question that why Iran- china relations could not to improve comprehensive cooperation under Ahmadinejad? Argues theoretical Challenges related to the look to east policy and structural challenges are the main causes of the position. Some instructions such as diversification of the diplomatic resources, decision – making solidarity, attention to multiplicity of diplomacy and balancing in relations with the west and the east can improve Iran- china relations. To evaluate the hypothesis, the article have three section: theoretical framework with emphasis on defensive realism, China position in Iran s Foreign policy after Islamic Revolution in general and Ahmadinejad Presidency and evaluation of challenges toward the look east policy and structural impacts.

With the passage of time, the Syrian crisis has become one of the most complex political and security challenges in the Middle East. The political development in the region and trans-regional powers provide an arena for Syria to follow in your equations and competition. Each of these powers has taken different approaches toward Syria that America and Russia approach as the global superpower is very important. In the views of most analysts, America's foreign policy against the Syrian civil war has been very passive and obscure. The root of the confusion has created an ambiguous foreign policy for the American Strategy dealing with the Islamic awakening in relation to the overall result of confusion on foreign policy, regional and international levels. Russia has supported the Assad government in Syria and almost with a little swing trajectory has followed its position. Russia's position regarding the political developments in the Arabic region has been kind of doubt and the replacement of governments in the region in the current situation is not in favor of his Middle Eastern policy and considers it destabilizing the region.

The main objective of this paper is to examine the issue of sanctions on Iran by the West and Iran's negative action to these sanctions. Since 2002 onwards, the problem between Iran and the West that has become a major challenge. The argument of this article is that Westerns are trying to convince Iran with their various sanctions in line with its strategic objectives. But, Iran has not shown positive action against the Sanctions, so Iran has turned into a negative action. In fact, Western countries, especially America and Europe in dealing with Iran has focused on Western values, such as Considering Israel's security, containing Iran and ignoring Iran's nuclear rights.
Against, Iran says these acts and increased sanctions are a step in direction of political instability and reduce their national security coefficient. So the authors tried to reviews this topic from the perspective of Constructivism.

An in depth review of US policies on Iran reveals that Congress, the Israeli lobbies, the White House, think tanks and the media are the key players in the country''s foreign policy and a kind of intellectual alignment - there are procedural and interaction. So that the concept of think tanks and processing scenarios justify public functions and role of architects’ sanctions are responsible for the implementation and operation of the sanctions and give them feedback or expert advice about draft bills. In this article we''re going to role of think tanks in America to impose nuclear sanctions against Iran.

With the passage of time, the Syrian crisis has become one of the most complex political and security challenges in the Middle East. The political development in the region and trans-regional powers provide an arena for Syria to follow in your equations and competition. Each of these powers has taken different approaches toward Syria that America and Russia approach as the global superpower is very important. In the views of most analysts, America's foreign policy against the Syrian civil war has been very passive and obscure. The root of the confusion has created an ambiguous foreign policy for the American Strategy dealing with the Islamic awakening in relation to the overall result of confusion on foreign policy, regional and international levels. Russia has supported the Assad government in Syria and almost with a little swing trajectory has followed its position. Russia's position regarding the political developments in the Arabic region has been kind of doubt and the replacement of governments in the region in the current situation is not in favor of his Middle Eastern policy and considers it destabilizing the region.

Post-Cold War logic of Strategic competitions does not follow the Logic of war anymore except in unfortunate regions of the globe. Geopolitical Competitions have gained an economic-commercial feature with declining position of militant confrontations. Eurasian Economic Union provides a set of economic instruments to serve Competitively Geopolitical Goals in only few years whereas European Union passed it in decades. The logic of Conflict predominates over actions of the Union and traces commercial goals of Eurasian member states in confrontations to other Unions and Political units. Geo economically, Iran will face new occasions after this Union formation and if those are not noticed, competitive strengths of Iranian Geopolitics will be lost. In this Article those Geo-Economic occasions are studied.

The alliance of Wahhabi Sheikh and the Saudi Emir in the 18th century and its historical persistence caused the establishment of the Arabia government in the twentieth century and the Wahhabism becomes the official religion of this country. The Saudi government exploits the publicity and propaganda of this sect to attract the views of Wahhabi clergymen and as its influencing and diplomacy tool in Islamic countries. The oil wealth has provided the necessary funds in this area for Saudi government. Pakistan has also been apt to the influence of Saudi Wahhabism due to some grounds, the influence that can be exploited to limit the influence of rival Iran and disturb the relations of Iran and Pakistan. This paper aims to investigate the grounds and influence of Saudi Wahhabism in Pakistan and analyse the effect of this influence on the relations of Pakistan and Iran. In this way, by employing the analytical-descriptive method and benefiting the credible library based resources, this assumption is exposed to test that the religious similarities as well as economic and cultural poverty in Pakistan alongside the financial power and the publicity-educative centres under the control and influence of Arabia, have been the ground maker of birth and expansion of Wahhabi Salafism in Pakistan. Considering the serious conflict of this sect with Shiite religion, the Wahhabi Salafism enters the action from confrontation gate against Shiites and creating challenge in the relations of Pakistan and Shiite Iran. The research data confirms the research assumption of this article.

Changes in the international system in recent years indicate the status of human rights and changing nature of these rights from an intellectual approach to a vital and strategic approach which is linked to the countries’ political life. So that today we see the deepening of human rights in foreign policy of countries in a vertical position and consequently, the absolute sovereignty of States is crystallized in the meaning of States responsibility. In the meantime, according to the liberalist themes and doctrines rooted in the traditions and values of the USA, human rights are institutionalized as critical component in the foreign policy of this country. With this approach in the analysis of foreign policy of the USA based on soft power, the Middle East is in the top of human rights policy of this country. In other words, given the history of the Middle East and its paradoxes, the cradle of civilization and the centre of cultural and religious discourse as intellectual, theoretical and philosophical capitals of human rights, and on the other hand, political sovereignty and foreign colonialism put an old wound on the body of human society of the region due to lack of respect for human rights and this is a good pretext to put pressure on the region by the major powers. In this context, the Middle East as the main audience of human rights policy of the USA is addressed in the form of Wilsonism tradition with liberal approach and the use of soft power in the context of public diplomacy as a governing principle of US foreign policy is emphasized.