فصلنامه اخلاق زیستی
پیاپی 16 (تابستان 1394)

Medicine and ethics have increasingly more links caused by considerable progresses in biotechnology in different fields of medical diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The issue of research ethics is one of the most important subjects which have been emphasized by international and regional organizations, policy-makers, medical and religious professions, scientists and researchers in different countries in recent decade. Research ethics, as one of the main issues of modern bioethics, has attracted the interest of scientists and ethicists in various areas of science and technology around the world. Research Ethics Committees (RECs) have been established to improve putting ethics into practice in the field of research. A ‘Research Ethics Committee' (REC) is defined as a multidisciplinary, independent, body charged with reviewing research involving human participants to ensure that their dignity, rights and welfare are protected. Research ethics committees protect the welfare and rights of participants involved in research through reviewing research proposals, monitoring the conduct of research and dealing with complaints that arise from research. RECs, fortunately, have received a great deal of attention in different countries, and their mission, goals, and tasks have been described in many national and international guidelines. Ethical guidelines for biomedical research and RECs administrative regulations have been developed in Iran too. This manuscript will introduce you to the concepts underlying research ethics committees worldwide and in Iran. In this study, we present suggestions concerning course presentation and contents, which are provided by international assemblies. In view of the fact that many RECs in our country do not have specific plans for their member's primary training and continuing education, there seems to be a need for fundamental changes in the educational prerequisites for membership in this important organization. We hope the manuscript could enhance awareness of biomedical researchers about status and duties of research ethics committees and consequently strengthen the RECs in our country. Moreover, it is recommended that the Ministry of Health and Medical Education take more serious actions to establish and monitor ethics committees throughout the country.Therefore, a comparative study of ethical codes and guidelines is necessary to prevent the possible deviations in the course of research. This study is a literature review study and after reviewing the scientific literature in this field, review set of existing international codes such as Nuremberg, Helsinki, Belmont and... The findings of this review article can help developing policymakers of codes of ethics.

Nowadays, human dignity is the base of thehuman rights issues and the other rulesonhuman rights have originated it. Hence, the studyofthe theoretical foundations of human dignity in both intellectual and legal system, it means thatIslam and the west, facilitate understanding of the requirements and oppositions on human dignity in medical research. From an Islamic perspective, people for the reason of god’s inspire, ispossessed ofwisdomandauthority, subsequently is responsible forhis ownspiritualdignity and any behavior that leads to the violation of the dignity is not worthy, whilewesternlook, human dignity itselfandwithoutdivine origin, is the source of holiness and the enjoyment of fundamental rights and freedoms and has notacceptanyobligationin this area, hence maninmedical research is seen as abiologicalorganism.

One aspect of the human being to beauty trends is therefore an important part of human life constitutes beauty.the balance of the body structure and more beautiful.leads to deception and misrepresentation of risk and loss, lack of human ownership of the members of his body, committing dilemma to have evidence of the sanctity of cosmetic surgery and the many scholars believe to have cosmetic surgery to their legitimacy to prove his theory refers verses, hadiths safeguards glamor and luxury, the permissibility, customs, psychological and sociological reasons that are cited have made cosmetic surgery with high risk of serious complications is not as good and reasonable appearance adornment, lead researcher and to improve quality of life is not a result of the ban on Islamic face.

The main objective of this study was to examine the relationship between medical ethics from the perspective of jurisprudence and law and its impact on the reduction of medical fraud. Therefore, a questionnaire was designed. After the reliability and validity were confirmed, reliability using Cronbach's alpha is equal to 0.986. Questionnaire among 40 physicians working in obstetrics, pediatrics, emergency, surgery, internal medicine, orthopedics, DC. C. Yo, yo Y.sy was chosen randomly, were distributed. The results obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed with SPSS software and the results are expressed. In order to analyze the statistical data, descriptive and inferential methods were used. According to the results, 29 (72.5%) men and 11 (27.5%) are women, the results showed that the relative contribution of independent variables, respecting the rights of patients (0.697), respect for colleagues treatment team (0.953), commitment privacy (0.949), commitment to justice (0.979), improving the quality of patient care (0.976) and conscientiousness (0.819) in reducing the impact of misconduct that this relationship was significant at 0.01 alpha level of p

The Ethical Code of Blood Donation and Transfusion as a transnationaldocument have provided for affirmative and negative norms aiming at the explanation of the rights and duties of volunteers of blood donation, centers of blood transfusion and needy patients. It may be claimed that observing those norms firstly will guarantee the safety of donated blood and products; secondly, will help the continuance of blood donation by the people and enhance their motives; and thirdly, will guarantee the rights of blood donors and receivers from the outset of the screening process up to the blood injection and the related product and will prevent from their violations. This document has, also by providing for a common ethical system presented a basis for encountering ethical challenges related to the medicine of blood transfusion and taking decision and a proper solution. In this paper, we will seek to describe and analyze the mentioned norms within a legal framework and discuss on its bases.
The writers of this paper believe that blood transfusion, due to its particular nature and requirements, needs a proportionate legal and compensatory regime within Iran too, like certain countries specially the US. We will also deal with the explanation of this situation and claim as it may be proper in the present paper.

Today,human are able to use genetic engineering to create new organisms, which normally it is very difficult to do. These organisms that named genetically modified organisms (GMO) are very extensive applications in various sciences and technologies including medicine, pharmaceuticals, industry, agriculture… One of the most applications of these organisms is in agriculture and food production. Development of transgenic foods have made some concerns in many different aspects of ethical, social and biosafety and acceptance of the new foods.On the other hand, religious views have a significant role in the public acceptance of this technology. However, the views of various religions and their influence aredifferent on decision making of consumers. In the present paper, the divine views of three great religions (Islam, Christianity and Judaism) are discussed in the context of transgenic technology.The studies show that there is no general consensus on this issue within the three religions. Overall, however, it appears that mainstream theology in all three religions increasingly tends towards acceptance of GM technology per se, on performing GM research, and on consumption of GM foods. However, all of them are believed on there being rigorous scientific, ethical and regulatory scrutiny of research and development of such products, and that these products are properly labeled.Furthermore, the results show that several other factorsalso influence the religious aspects the acceptanceof genetically modified crops, such as media, environmental activists, scientists and food industries as well as all of information sources.