فصلنامه شخصیت و تفاوت های فردی
سال چهارم شماره 10 (زمستان 1394)

The aim of the present study was to predict university students’ need for cognition based on their personality characteristics and epistemological beliefs. The sample consisted of 200 male students from Farhangian University in Shiraz (2013-2014); Who selected randomly through cluster sampling. They were asked to complete the Questionnaire of need for cognition (Cacioppo, Petty & Kao, 1984), the Big Five Personality Questionnaire (Goldberg, 1999) and the Epistemological Beliefs Inventory (Schommer, 1998). The results of this study indicated openness to experience as the best reverse predictor, and neuroticism as the best direct predictor of need for cognition. The results also revealed that among epistemological beliefs, quick learning, fixed (innate) ability and simple knowledge significantly were reverse predictors of need for cognition. Because of limited research in domain of need for cognition, we suggested to study other variables predict the need for cognition. Result of this research is expected to give the worthwhile information in the field of the need for cognition.

The purpose of this research was to predict marital conflicts (of divorce prone and normal couples) through personality, psychological and demographic characteristics. To conduct this correlational study, using two- stage cluster sampling method, 320 couples (160 normal and 160 divorce prone couples) were selected randomly. The assessment tools included sixteen personality factor Questionnaire (16PF), and The Demographic Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using stepwise regression analysis (logistic). The results showed that among the personality and demographic variables, six personality factors namely; A, B, E, F, L, Q4, and three demographic variables namely; number of children, age, and couples’ age gap significantly predict marital conflict.

The aim of this study was to compare spiritual intelligence and early maladaptive schemas among persistent offenders, first offenders, and normal individuals.
To conduct this Ex-Post Facto study, 35 persistent offenders and 35 first offenders were selected randomly among the prisoners of the Vakil-Abad prison. Furthermore, 35 individuals were selected from ordinary (Non-criminal) people. The participants were asked to complete Young Schema Questionnaire (short form, 1998) and Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire.
The results of the current study indicated that the first offenders compared with persistent offenders and normal individuals got higher scores at disconnection and rejection area, and also impaired autonomy and performance area. The results also revealed that the persistent offenders compared with first offenders and normal individuals got higher scores at impaired limits area. Regarding with the spiritual intelligence there was no significant differences between the three groups.
The results showed that offenders compared with normal individuals suffer from high levels of early maladaptive schemas, but there was no significant differences in spiritual intelligence of the participants in the three groups.

Deficits in emotion regulation have been identified as a risk factor for maintenance of psychological distress. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies training on psychological distress. To conduct the study, 22 university students (13 males and 9 females) from Kharazmi University were selected voluntary. The participants took part in a 10-session workshop of emotion regulation strategies training. All individuals in the three stages of training (prior to the training, while receiving the training and subsequent to the training) were assessed using the scale of depression, anxiety and stress (DASS, Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Data were analyzed using repeated measurement and Bonferroni post-hoc test. The results indicated that, procedural emotion regulation training leads to the decrease of depression, anxiety and stress in the participants. With regard to the results of the present research, it can be concluded that procedural emotion regulation strategies training could be an effective procedure for reduction of psychological distress.

The purpose of the current research is to compare the psychopathic personality traits in students with and non-symptoms of conduct disorder. The present research is causal-comparative. The population is consisted of all male students of middle school in the city of Ardabil (N=28750). The research participant is consisted 224 students (112 students with symptoms of conduct disorder and 112 students without symptoms of conduct disorder) who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. To collect data, the Conduct Disorder Pathological Symptoms Inventory (Schaffer, Fisher and Lucas, 2007) and Children/ Adolescents Psychopathic Scale (Lynam, 1997) were used. Data was analyzed using MANOVA. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that the between students with conduct disorder and normal students are significant differences in terms of psychopathic personality traits and its dimensions. According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the psychopathic personality traits in students with conduct disorder are higher than normal students. Therefore, attention to maladaptive and psychopathic personality traits of students with conduct disorder and control them is essential in programs of prevention, psychopathology and consulting services.

The purpose of this research was to compare resiliency, perceived social support, self-efficacy and achievement motivation of male students in divorced and ordinary families. To conduct this ex-post facto study, 40 male students from divorced families and 40 male students from ordinary families, who were studying at middle schools in Takab township in 1392-93 academic year, were selected randomly. Research tools included resiliency scale of canner & Davidson (2003), perceive social support questionnaire (Zimet and et al, 1998), self-efficacy questionnaire (Shere and Adams, 1983) and achievement motivation questionnaire (Hermans, 1970). The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. Results showed that students from divorced families compared with students from ordinary families get significantly higher scores in resiliency, perceived social support, self-efficacy and achievement motivation. Regarding with the results of the current study, it could be conclude that it is essential to pay special attention to psychological problems of students from divorced families.

One of the main differences in individuals is difference in morningness-eveningness preferences. A person who wakes up early in the morning and has a better performance in the morning is called "Morningness" and a person who feels and performs better in the evening and goes to bed late is called "Eveningness". The aim of this study was to compare the Personality Characteristics of People with Preferences for Morning and Evening in the city Isfahan. To conduct the study, using convenience sampling method, and based on participants scores at morningness-eveningness questionnaire (Horne and Ostberg, 1976) 50 morningness preferences and 50 eveningness preferences (age: 20 to 60 years) were selected and were asked to complete the Five Factor Inventory (NEO) Costa and Mac Lycra (2003). The data were analyzed using Multivariate analysis of variance (MONOVA). The results showed significant differences between morningness preferences and eveningness preferences individuals in four personality dimentions, namely; Extroversion, Openness to experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. It seems that morningness preferences individuals are more rational and analytical oriented, and these characterestics affects their personality.

This study investigated the relationships between Emotional intelligence, behavioral activation system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition system (BIS) with dark triad traits including Machiavellianism, Narcissism, and Psychopathy. For this purpose, multi-stage cluster sampling, 246 students from the Bu Ali Sina University were selected randomly and then were asked to complete Dark Triad Traits Scale (Jones & Paulhus, 2014), Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (Mayer, Salovey, & Caruso, 1999) and Behavioral Activation and Inhibition Scale (Carver & White, 1994). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive indicators, correlation coefficient, simultaneous multiple regression and paired t-test. The results showed not significant relationship between emotional intelligence with the traits Machiavellianism and narcissism, but significantly negative relationship between emotional intelligence with psychopathy trait. A significant positive correlation was shown between behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition systems with psychopathy trait of dark triad traits and emotional intelligence. Comparing the women and men in dark personality traits and emotional intelligence showed that the two groups had no differences in dark triad traits, however, women had higher scores in emotional intelligence than men.