فصلنامه اخلاق پزشکی
پیاپی 4 (تابستان 1387)

From a long time ago, the suicide issue has involved the mind of philosopher and religious scholars. The moral schools regarding to this issue, represent various approaches. In this article, among these schools, we study the attitude of utilitarian and deontological schools. In Islamic jurisprudence, the shiest and sonnies scholars have different opinions in this respect. Some of them believe that it is completely forbidden and for confirming their attitude invoke to the Quran and wisdom. In the other hand, the ethers believe that the prohibition of suicide is not absolute but rather in some cases their is exception and for confirming their view represent some example for this in this article we mentioned these opinion and attitude and then we criticize and study them.

Jundi Shapur have an important role in medical history of Iran. Before appearance of Islam, Arabs haven’t much information about science and medicine and almost all of their knowledge was the commentaries of Aristotle works. In early period of appearance of Islam, Muslims was most interested in medicine among other sciences and therefore when they dominate on western part of Asia and Iran they didnt destroy this scientific center and use this center for developing their science and society. And Gondi shaper became the scientific center of Islamic government. Then many books were published as Arab works that in reality were belong to Iranian. This books that published in Jundi Shapur has a great influence on western civilization.

What is the meaning of life? Some people are interesting in philosophy because they hope that it can answer this question. Some philosopher believes that the answer to this question is difficult because it is unreal, this meaning belong to the word and sentences not to the things such as life of human. Nevertheless all of us in our life seek meaning. We are afraid of nihilism that could make all things meaningless in our mind. Although involving in activities such as having a job or making a family could avoid such bad feelings but are such personal involving enough or we need more fundamental aim for validating our life. Some of famous philosopher answered to this question. They use notions that their implications are about happiness and morality and they are construed as a final goal that human for having meaningful existence must comply them .

In this paper we studied Physician and patient relationship regarding to ontology perspective. First we generally explain human's relationship and in particular Physician and patient relationship. for achieving to this we first explained ideal relationship and then criticize and classify it. The result of this survey is based on that: first each relationship needs to pay attention to identifying and to believe to the nature of partie's cognitive relationship so that it could be made in high level of humanity. Secondly that physician moreover diagnosing disease must be anthropologist so that he could make good relationship with his patient .

In recent years the great advances in the field of medical genetics for diagnosis and treatment of diseases has provided a tremendous opportunities and at the same time many challenges in the social and ethical realms. The privacy issue in Medical Genetics is among the very important topics being discussed in the field of medicine throughout the world due to its wide impacts on patients and family members. The centralization of health information and computerization of access to medical information is of main concern to patients in future use of genetic information. Such information may be the total genetic information available about the individual and his/her family. Also complex ethical issues may arise due to certain knowledge derived from genetic diagnostic tests performed on individuals, family members and/or embryos. Currently, the most important issue in the field of ethics and genetics is the privacy issue related to genetic information about individuals and how to collect and safeguard that information from misuse by unauthorized individuals, organizations and governments throughout the world. In this article the main topics and concerns related to the privacy issue in medical genetics is discussed.

The suggestion of individual blame for action is central to our idea of what it is to be a person. Behavioral genetic research may seem to call into question the idea of individual responsibility with probable implications for the criminal fairness scheme. These implications will depend on the understandings of a mixture of agencies and expert groups involved in responding to violent and anti-social behavior, and, the result of negotiations between them over resulting practice. The paper considers two kinds of approaches to the question of responsibility and 'criminal gene's arising from a sociological and philosophical perspective respectively. One is to consider the social context and possible practical implications of research into 'criminal gene's which will later be examined through interviews and discussions with a range of experts including lawyers and social workers. A second and different kind of approach is to ask whether the findings of behavioral genetics ought to have implications for attributions of responsibility. Issues of genetic influence are central to both approaches and therefore, this article would like to postulate that:(1) Criminal behavior, especially chronic criminal behavior, seems to be partly genetically predisposed.
(2) An important task at this point is to attempt to determine the biological factors which predispose people to crime.
(3) We have related some tentative initial steps being taken in the study of the autonomic nervous system as one possible heritable, biological basis for the failure of normal social learning forces in inhibiting criminal behavior. Early in this paper we discussed the tenability of asserting criminal responsibility on individuals whose criminal behavior has a partly genetic etiology. But this special consideration seems to set biological factors apart as being in some unique causal category. In fact, genetic, physiological, and biochemical factors are causal agents in the same sense as family, social class, or neighborhood factors. Of course, criminal behavior (like all other behavior) must be caused; one class of causal variables is the biological category. The legal doctrine of responsibility is not challenged by identifying biological factors as partially determining crime any more than it is by findings of social causation. Only in cases in which abnormal biological factors are exceptionally powerful influences might responsibility be challenged. Such cases will be quite rare.

Chahar Maghaleh is a famous classical prose in Iranian literature that is written by Nezami Aroozi Samraghadi in the 6th century (Hejri or 12th Century B.S).This book contains four articles (discourses) in the field of Secretary, Poetry, Planetary and medicine. In medical article there are many interested points of medical ethics. In this study we described and interpreted these ethical points in this article.
This is a quantitative study in the form of content analysis and in this way we studied the medical article from a reliable text of Chahar Maghaleh and conclude ethical points then described and interpreted these ethical points in the comparison of new medical ethics.
The article emphasis on: debonair with patients, Good behavior with colleagues and teachers; acted wisely and intelligently as a physician; Believe and act to Islamic codes.
The results showed that traditional Iranian–Islamic Medicine paid more attention to medical ethics and we can utilize this background in Patients-Right and Patients-Doctors relationships.

Contemporary researches on embryonic stem cell and their outcomes have fascinated medical researchers. However, these researches have risen some moral questions, the most important of which concerns destruction of two-to-five-day-old embryos in order to harvest their inner cell mass, which is what is used for the development of stem cells. Some have argued that this destruction is immoral. I shall examine their argument and use the notion of personal identity to criticize it.

Gene Therapy or Genetic treatment using gene modifications is a new method for therapy and prevention of genetic and inheritable diseases in humans. The main idea in gene therapy is the delivery of a healthy gene to the genome of a person with a specific disease. Although two decades has passed since the introduction of the idea of gene therapy in medicine, the use of this technique in treatment of patients is at its early stages of implementation at the clinical settings. Most of the projects in gene therapies are still at research stage throughout the world and many ethical issues have surrounded the use of such technique in humans. In this article we have summarized the ethical issues and challenges which are faced by the medical communities throughout the world in using genetic technologies for therapies in humans.