مجله یافته های نوین زمین شناسی کاربردی
پیاپی 18 (پاییز و زمستان 1394)

In this research, role of the folded structures in tectonic morphology of Avaj region is evaluated based on morphological analyses of rivers and morphometric index of stream length-gradient (SL). The study area is located in the boundary of Central Iran and Sanandaj – Sirjan Structural Zones in northwest of Iran and the most important folded structures are the Aran and Charogh Dareh anticlines and Karkhaneh syncline with general northwest-southeast trend.Lateral propagation of these folded structures has caused derivation on driniages paths convergence toward the fold plunge and also lateral propagation of fold caused anomalies in SL index of driniages passing through the folded structures.The results of morphotectonic evidence and the SL index in the study area show that the morphology of drainages and their trends are influenced by active tectonic forces and show activity of the area.

In this paper, trying to study and combine fractal geometry and correspondence analysis for stream sediment samples of Khoosf area. About 175 stream sediment samples analyzed for 20 elements, by correspondence analysis samples and variables considered simultaneously. According to correspondence analysis, separation of one or several elements from another element is the reason for anomalous value in the study area, a lot of samples led to this anomaly and show tendency towards elements. According to correspondence analysis at Khoosf area, Pb, Cd and As elements have been determined as anomaly. After kind of anomaly recognition, finding situation of anomaly by 1000m×1000m grid estimation and then using fractal geometry method on estimated data was done. By variography the best model have been fitted at WinGslib user friendly software. Afterward an estimated grid sampling was designed in the region by varigram specification. Three statistical datasets were determined by fractal geometry, and third dataset show the anomaly for Pb, Cd and As elements. The separation value for Pb, As and Cd respectively about 55, 7.2 and 0.88 ppm was determined.

The Nour Abad ophiolitic complex as south part of Kermanshah ophiolite is
located in the high Zagros zone. The high Zagros zone is divided into three sections including Bisotoun limestone, ophiolitic complex, and Bakhtaran radiolarite. The ophiolitic complex from lower part to upper part is composed of serpentinized peridotites, layered gabbro, isotropic gabbro, plagiogranite, sheeted dike complex, basaltic lava, andesite and sedimentary rocks, respectively. The petrographical studies have been showed that the primary minerals of the ophiolitic complex such as olivine, plagioclase and pyroxene are altered to serpentine, amphibole, chlorite, sericite and Feoxides secondary minerals. Also, mineralization in these rocks is contains chalcopyrite, bornite, malachite, azurite and titanomagnetite. Various alteration occurred in this rocks includes serpentinite, epidotic, silisic, sericitic, zeolitic, chloritic and carbonate. The results of chemical analysis for Nour Abad ophiolitic complex shows high concentration of Cr, Ni, Mn, Ti, Cu and Ag elements.

The Gurpi formation at the southwestern flank of Khorram Abad anticline, Zagros Basin, consists of 182 m gray to green limestone and intercalation of silty limestone. In this area, Gurpi Formation overlies unconformably on the carbonate of Ilam Formation and is overlain by the turbiditic deposits of the Amiran Formation. The Study of planktonic foraminifera of the Gurpi Formation enables to find the most standard biozones defined in Tethyan domain. Six biozones were determined. Biozone I (Diacarinella asymetrica Total Range Zone) indicate Late Santonian, respectively. Biozonez II (Globotruncanita elevata Partial Range Zone), III (Globotruncana ventricosa Interval Zone), IIII (Radotruncana calcarata TaxonRange Zone), V (Globotruncanita stuartiformis Partial-Range Zone) and VI(Globotruncana aegyptiaca Interval Zone) suggest Early to Late Campanian. Biozone VII (Gansserina gansseri Interval Zone) belongs to upper part of Late Campanian to lower part of Early Masstrichtian.

This paper was devoted to application of engineering seismic method in calculation of dynamic parameters. The study area is Amiriyeh tow, Semnan province. Dynamic parameters are the major part of geotechnical studies. Dynamic parameters of geological site have an important role in the resonant or attenuation of earthquake waves. To estimate the dynamic parameters, especially the velocity of shear waves, the combination of seismic engineering methods in the form of surface profiles with down-hole was used. In locations where wells exist, down-hole seismic survey was done and in the other cases surface profiles have been used. After processing and interpreting the results; number, geometry and dynamic properties of each layer and geological status in various depths in Amiriyeh area was determined. Wave velocity is increased from surface to depth –Vs: 140 to 400 m/s and Vp: 250 to 1200m/s-. According to wave velocity and other calculated parameters, it can be said that the study area is located on a fine grained alluvial. Mentioned alluvial in the surface layers has low compaction and in the deeper layers has medium compaction. The results of these studies can be used to determine the type of soils according to the Iranian 2800 standard in different parts, design of buildings, engineering seismology and earthquake hazard analysis, urban planning and management.

One of the first steps in natural resource management and development planning, is the recognition of susceptible area to mass movements and landslides events. These phenomena occur under influence of many natural and human factors that evaluation of their effects have significant role in forecasting of probability of mass movements. In this research, the statistical bi-variant information value and density area model used for landslide hazard zonation in Shirin Dareh watershed. To investigate the stability of slopes in this basin by merging the factors affecting landslide maps with the landslide distribution map, the effect of each of these factors such as slope, geology, landuse, distance from the fault, river and the road is measured in Arc GIS software. The sum of quality index (QS) used for assessment and classification of model outputs in approximation of landslide hazard. The results show that, the information value model has more efficiency than density area model for landslide hazard mapping in Shirin Dareh watershed.

The Kazhdumi Formation is located at lower part of the Bangestan group, which sometimes called Ebad Formation. Studied area is located at Folded Zagros and north of Shiraz. Seid Mohammad Mountain is located in Marvdasht (north of Shiraz). Kazhdumi Formation has about 136.5 m thickness at studied area. Lower boundary of studied formation with Dariyan Formation is unconformable together with iron oxide and upper boundary with Sarvak Formation is gradualy. Observations and petrographic studies of Kazhdumi Formation deposits has led to identifcation of 8 carbonate microfacies and 4 facies belts including Tidal flat (Dolomitic udstone), Lagoon (Bioclastic Wackestone, Bioclastic Peloidal Wackestone, Intraclastic Bioclastic Orbitolina Wackestone, Bioclastic Orbitolina Wackestone/Packstone), Shoal (Bioclastic Peloidal Packstone/Grainstone) and open marine (Bioclastic Orbitolina Wackestone/Floatstone, Pelagic Wackestone/Packstone). The investigation of facies in the studied thin sections and comparison them with old and modern depositional environments showed that Kazhdumi Formation has been deposited in a ramp environment of a carbonate platform.

The Zaman-Abad village ,with mountainous topography, is located in the South of Hamedan , between the villages of Zaman-Abad and Kamari, are considered evidence of creep to tensile cracks appearing perpendicular to the direction of slopes creep on the road. The study of geology, lithology and structure of the research area has identified a zone of thrust faults. These faults are having NW-SE strike and their dip direction to north East ward. To investigate and prove of creep in the region two methods were used, roding and Measuring deformation of tensile cracks. The results indicated that the average annual rate of creep movement is 4.3 cm/year in the first and and 0.45 cm/year in second method. Heterogeneous Units in alluvial deposits in the region have caused the various rate of creep. The creep direction is dominant to side of North East and the present of fault zone in combination with ground water action could increase the rate of creep in the study area.

Geodiversity is one of the newly introduced terms in geoscience which by now has drawn considerable attention. In this paper, new aspects of geodiversity or in the other words diversity of geology will be addressed. Among the important cases of this issue, the start point of geological diversity development on earth and the existence of important points could be mentioned. Also, in many countries, geodiversity is considered as a basis for selection of the places requiring more care and protection. It can be said that by investigation of the world from different geodiversities, we can reach to better understanding of the earth natural sources. This concept and expression has found such an importance that is applied in choosing the places considered as a candidate for being in the list of global inheritance of Geo-parks. In this article, along with comparing the growth of biodiversity with geological diversity, this important issue would be covered and different situations in geological diversity would be investigated and discussed. In spite of geodiversity importance, this phenomenon is under threat of human activities. Therefore, it is needed to protect it, and this is also essential for geotourism development. The protection aims and methods must consider different elements of geodiversity and perform proper programs in relation to geosite type. In this content, the values such as: inherent, cultural, aesthetic, economic and functional values; and also the threats of this field including urban residence adjacent of geo-sites, visitors crowd, lack of awareness and so on should be considered. Moreover, management of geotourism, geoparks and related recreational activities must be designed and performed according to type of geodiversity.

The study area is the part of Sanandaj – Sirjan zone and is located in the north of Songhor. This area consists of various metamorphic rocks with igneous and sedimentary protoliths. All types of existing rocks are metamorphosed in the greenschist facies. The metamorphosed rocks consist of metagranite, metavolcanics, marble, schist, calc-schist, calc-silicates, green schist, slate and phyllite. The textures of present rocks are often blastoporphyric, granoblastic and lepidoblastic. On Harker diagrams, the K2O values are increasing while SiO2 increasing, whereas, TiO2, MgO and FeOt are decreasing, therefore, the differentiation is probably the most important process in the chemical development of the rocks. Volcanic rocks are calc- alkaline and enriched in large ion lithophile elements such as K, Rb and depleted in high field strength elements such as Ti, Nb. The intrusive bodies are granites intruding the metamorphic rocks. Granites are weakly peraluminous and calc-alkaline and according to tectonic diagrams belong to within-plate granites (WPG). The rocks were deformed by tectonic forces and different microstructures formed that is indicating the existence of different phases of deformation in the area.

The Maksan granitoid is part of the Bazman granitoid complex and is located in 140 Km Northwest of Iranshahr (Southeast of Iran). It is composed six units including granite, granodiorite, quartz monzodiorite, monzodiorite, diorite and gabbro which intruded into older rocks such as shale, sandstone, and limestone (Sardar formation) in the Carboniferous age, and limestone and dolomite (Jamal formation) in the Permian age. Quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, hornblende and biotite are the major minerals; sphene, zircon, apatite, magnetite and ilmenite are main accessory minerals. The Maksan granitoid have metaluminous to slightly peraluminous nature and it displays feature typical of I-type granites. Wide range of SiO2 (47-76 wt. %), A/CNKK2O, LREE enrichment, Ti and Nb anomaly indicate that original magma formed in the continental margin and subduction zone. It seems that Maksan granitoid is result of subducting of Neotethyan oceanic crust beneath the lut block and studied intrusion body is classified as volcanic arc granite (VAG).

The use of remote sensing data for broad and integrated view and different wavelength ranges, are among the best methods of prospecting ore deposits. In recent years the use of this approach, has significantly help the advancement of geology goals including identifying and mining alteration zones. The present study aims to make use of spectrum-based analysis using visible and short-wavelength infrared bands ASTER sensor to detect alteration zones of Siah Kouh area in the Kerman province. By employing principal component analysis method of choice (Crosta), Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and a mixture tuned matched filter (MTMF) pristine and altered areas were separated and analyzed. With regard to the comparison of the reflectance spectra and their comparison with experimental spectra and also the use of the above methods led to the identification of several different alterations including Sericitic, argillic, propylitic. In order to evaluate the aforementioned methods based on ground truth map that only contained the argillic alteration, kappa coefficient was used. The results showed that the mixture tuned matched filter (MTMF) with the highest Kappa coefficient of 64.62% and overall accuracy of 97.12% is the most suitable method for the detection and extraction of alteration zones. Mixture tuned matched filter technique as a synthesized method gives results close to those of the ground truth map and can be used as an appropriate method in identifying and mining alteration zones.