نشریه مطالعات اقتصاد اسلامی
سال هشتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 16، بهار و تابستان 1395)

Income distribution and its deteminants are considered by policymakers and governments. Empirical evidence shows that this inequality reduces in expansion periods and increases in periods of recession. In this context, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of business cycles on income inequality in developing and Islamic countries of the Group Eight (D8) during the period 19902012. For this purpose, a model has been designed based on the Kuznets hypothesis and with the presence of fundamental variables affecting income inequality with the business cycles variable. Extraction and characterization of the business cycle is performed by Cristiano Fitzgerald Band-pass filter (CF) (2003). Due to the crosssectional dependence between the variables the model used the Panel Cointegration with cross-sectional dependence analysis and finally the long-run relationship between the variables is measured by Continuously-updated and Fully-Modified method (Cup-FM) (Provided by Bai et al (2009)). The results show the negative impact of business cycles on income inequality in D8 countries, s. According to other results, Kuznets hypothesis cannot be rejected for the D8 countrie's economies. The share of government spending in GDP have equalizer effect and tax revenue share of GDP and inflation has been the unequalizer effect in income distribution for these countries

The existing structure of Islamic and conventional taxes in Iran, has been caused different disparities and inconsistencies in practice: The parallel and sometimes multiple payment of Islamic and conventional taxes by individual; parallel and sometimes uncoordinated expenditures of taxes by government and Maraje; Zakat, Khums and taxes evasion; ignoring the two sources of the Islamic taxes (Zakat and Khums) to reduce oil revenues dependency and finally ignoring the cultural aspect of Islamic taxes to reduce tax evasion are the most important part of disparities. The main purpose of this research is to answer this question: “how to design the mechanism of Khums and Zakat entry to the tax regime in Iran and overcome the inconsistency and disparities in existing structure?” In Fact this research give a clear image of potential capacity of Khums and Zakat in Iran and use philosophical and Jurisprudential principals of Islamic Taxes to design a mechanism that firstly create an integrated, coherent and consistent structure, and secondly overcome the problems with the existing structure . The mechanism is presented in this research as a structure.

How was the security provided in the Pre-Islamic Arabia? Economists recognize security as a public good that is provided publicly in most cases. But the northern pre-Islamic Arabia had no government. So how was the security provided in the PreIslamic Arabia in the absence of government? The historical facts – especially the popularity of trade in the region- show that its habitants could maintain an acceptable level of security using private rather than public mechanisms. In this security system each tribe played the role of a “club” which makes the security excludable and so a non-pure public good. There was also a set of security contracts among some Arabian tribes that was known as oath and khafarah. So using these mechanisms, the security was produced as a voluntarily provided public good. The weaknesses of this system were the high costs of contracting and enforcing the contracts. Hence the northern pre-Islamic Arabia needed a government that could provide the security with lower costs. We hope that this paper could expand our knowledge about pre-Islamic Arabia so as its political changes after the down of Islam.

According to the Riba-Free Banking Act, banks are authorized to use the entrusted deposits in profitable plans on behalf of the depositors, and at the end of the financial year, to divide the profits among the mselves and the depositors after deducting related fees and charges. The most important feature of Riba-Free Banking is the manipulation and allocation of resources, the introduction of partnership and exchange contracts and removal of interest from the banking system to replace it with on account profit with varying efficiency. In this study, to evaluate the effect of Riba-Free Banking law on the banking system profit making, factors affecting the bank's net profit for the period 1386-1392 (A.H.S) are examined. The results show that with an increase on only one percent of the difference between on account and final dividends, bank's net profits rise by 0.11%, which is a significant figure. In other words, if banks perform according to this very important Riba- Free Banking principle, not only will they not lose but make more net profit. In addition, a more law-abiding and efficient performance in granting the actual on account profits and calculating them more definitively at the end of the period can greatly encourage the attraction of more banking resources and eliminate any doubts related to the contracts with varying yields verging on usury.

According to effects of foreign exchange shocks on Iranian economy and vast capacity of sukuk, this study surveys sukuk as a foreign exchange policy instrument. Using a descriptive –analytical method and utilizing the library resources, the study after introduces nature and effects of foreign exchange shocks and the structure of Portfolio Balance Model, rewrites equations of the model for sukuk. So it surveys sukuk application as a foreign exchange policy instrument by the Portfolio Balance Model. Its conclusion shows theoretically sukuk can control foreign exchange shocks.

The first step for designing an Islamic bank is to understand the nature and role of conventional or western bank completely. In other words, if the subject in not understood, it is impossible to infer its sentence. The current understanding of the bank nature among the Islamic banking scholars is that a western bank is a financial intermediary which collects people's savings as a deposit and offers interest or services and then makes loan with these funds and receive interest. In this approach, the loan with interest contradicts to Islamic teachings, so Islamic banking studies focus on eliminating the interest (Reba) from the arrangements and rules of conventional banking. In this paper according to the investigating the evolution of bank and its arrangements and economic literatures about banking, we show that conventional bank is an institution of money creation in an Economy, and reducing it to a financial intermediary isnt correct. So according to the role of money in an Economy and the effects of money creation of banks in it, this understanding of bank nature must be considered as a basis for designing and establishing an Islamic banking system.

Transparency and asymmetric information is one of the basic assumptions of competitive market, but in the real world person's information are not symmetrical and equal and phenomenon of asymmetrical information is evident. However, sometimes asymmetric information is as natural and artificial forms and the parties earn maximum profit by misusing additional information with respect to the other party. In this article, phenomenon of asymmetric information and ways to prevent it is investigated by using content analysis method and also by referring to the Koran verses and Islamic jurisprudence by using the knowledge of Islamic economics. The results show that according to the Koran verses and jurisprudential rules asymmetric information is a subject which not only in muslim communities but also in nonMuslim communities is visible. But in Muslim societies due to the terms of trade in the contracts, abuse of this this phenomenon is relatively less. These terms including considering the Terms of the parties, contract issue, properly condition, as well as compliance with the religious, Isalamic moral governance, Guidance and supervision of government, remember of Allah and the fear of the resurrection day, concentrating on ethics in the market, authorizing the termination to swindle person, considering some jurisprudential rules (Prohibit from trading Gharar and pride and …). Islamic governing should more careful monitor the validity of the contract to prevent this phenomenon and abuse of it.

In this time, the United States has designed a model for financial literacy and tries to promote it by its large extent of advertisement throughout the world for the sake of Americanization of the world. According to this fact that using of experiments of the Western model is useful to design an Islamic model for financial education, in this article our goal is the critical analysis of this model by the Islamic approach. For the sake of research on this issue, we do research on different religious contents, , the articles that are related to Islamic economics and also supreme documents of administration of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and according to the selective principles from the religious contents , we accomplish the thematic criticism of the conventional model of financial literacy and we try to distinguish between the most important similarities and different aspects and also its defects in comparison to the religious principles. The most important findings of this article are that the conventional model for personal finance education is an individual model and it has less attention to collective identities of human life, but in the Islamic courses, the collective identities are more attended besides the individual identities of human life.