نشریه اقتصاد توسعه و برنامه ریزی
سال یکم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1391)

According to the Ahluwalia hypothesis (1995), the growth of total factor of productivity (TFP) in agricultural sectors along with the other government infrastructural investment in rural areas are the reason of income inequality decrease in these areas.The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of public investments such as agricultural, road and education(R&E) and Irrigation on income inequality in rural areas of Iran. This research also attempts to study the direction of causality between the income inequality and total factor productivity (TFP) in Iran. Using ARDL methods in the period at 1980 to 2008, empirical results showed that there is a negative relationship between income inequality and agricultural TFP in rural areas of Iran. Hence, additional investments in rural education and agricultural R&E have significant impacts on income inequality. Findings showed also that the Ahluwali hypothesis of the relationship between income inequality and agricultural TFP in Iran's rural areas is not ejected.

Spatial inequality in locating industries is one of the reasons of income inequality of nations. Optimal locating of industries not only leads to optimal use from potential capacities of production, but also minimizes production and distribution costs of commodity and maximizes average income as far as possible. This paper intends to offer an appropriate and applicable model for finding an optimal location for any economic activity. It also tries to find out whether it is possible to optimally determine the location of an economic activity. The method of the study is applied. Due to strategic importance of sugar industries, this paper studies their behavior in Wes Azerbaijan and East Azerbaijan provinces on the basis of previous studies, document analysis and data gathering. The time period of this study is from 19962006. The econometrics method of this study is multiple Logit and Probit models using Eviews software. After model estimation, the t-student statistics and Maximum Likelihood Ration were used for the explanation of the results. Then, using different techniques such as Principal Component Analysis and analytical method, the numerical taxonomy of locations with more profitability potentiality was prioritized and the best location for building the plant was determined.

Coordination, cooperation and task allocation, based on the efficiency index between market mechanism and government is a general and long run rule that each society considerers it regarding their social, political and cultural values for achieving the optimal ratio between the state and market combination. Regarding crucial role of private sector in efficient and compatible product and also with respect to importance of private sector development, in this study after investigating public performance and privatization trend using SFA, we estimate and compare technical efficiency in private and public subsector. Model's parameters are estimated by MLE within 1373-1384. Results show that technical efficiency estimation of all 6 private industry sectors trend is smooth but this trend has tangible decrease in public sector. Public efficiency average was lower than the same private subsector over period of our study except for first 3 years.

This paper aimed to analyze the impact of oil price shocks, both negative and positive, on economic growth in Iran and Japan using an autoregressive distributed lag model. In doing so, a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity GARCH(1,1) model has been fitted to real oil price during 1980 Q1-2006 Q4. After capturing conditional variable and analysis of the existence ARCH effect on this variable, oil price shocks are then computed. Four single models are used to estimate the impact of oil price shocks on gross domestic product growth. According to the results, since the existing coefficients are not statistically significant, it can not be clearly decided whether the relation between these two variables in Iran’s economy is symmetric or asymmetric . In Japan, the estimated coefficients prove the existence of an asymmetric relation.

Increase in exchange rate may not always promote non-oil exports and various commodities exports may have different reactions to this rate. Hence, this study tried to consider the effects of real effective exchange rate on exports of Iranian raisin. For this purpose, Iranian raisin export function was estimated using Autoregressive Distributed Lag method. The data were gathered from Statistical Yearbook of Foreign Trade, Statistical Yearbook of the International Monetary Fund, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and different issues of Central Bank of Iran over 1974-2007. The results showed that the real effective exchange rate, income of importer countries and domestic production have positive effects on raisin`s exports, but the ratio of domestic price index to export price index of raisin has been ineffective on the exports of this product.

Considering tariff policy in trading has been especially interested for countries particularly developing ones in recent decays. The primary aim of tariff was to protect domestic industries as well as improve and equilibrate tariff payments, but today tariff is one of the most important tools in international trade policy with an influence on forms and volumes of a country's business with others. Considering economical effects of custom tariff in international trade, every country can benefit from this tool in accordance of their national goals. In the present study, the effect of tariff reduction on GNP, automobiles import and other economical sections was evaluated based on the computable general equilibrium CGE model for Iran. This model in planned based on the matrix of MCM data1380. The results suggest that automobile for other sections. Also, GNP and economic welfare were increased. In addition, tariff reduction caused automobile import reduction and import increase. Also, it caused an increase in GNP.

Education and research are important factors in the process of growth and economic development. This article aimed to investigate the effect of physical capital, human capital and research and development (R&D) on Iran's economic growth. For the analysis, data from 1969 to 2007 and, augmented of the Solow model were used. For a dynamic analysis, Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) was employed. After long-term relationship was confirmed by Fstatistic test, long-term coefficients were estimated. The result showed positive and statistically significant effect of physical capital, human capital and R&D on growth. The estimated coefficient of Error Correction Model equaled 0.33 showed that in each period 33 percent of the imbalances were adjusted towards the long–term equilibrium.

This article investigated the causal relationship between life insurance demand and employed population by using annual data of Iran during the period of 1969-2009 based on the Grangery causality test and by using Eviews software and OLS method. The findings of this research indicate a one way causal relationship between life insurance and employment during the period under study. According to these results it is suggested that the policymakers in the estimation of the employment pattern, pay special attention to life insurance.