مجله زنان مامائی و نازائی ایران
سال نوزدهم شماره 191 (هفته دوم اردیبهشت 1395)

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among Iranian women. Most women do not perform Pap smear test as a common method which is a screening tool to prevent of cervical cancer. This study was performed with aim to determine the needs of women referring to health care centers of Varamin city for doing Pap smear test.
The present study was done based on qualitative approach in Varamin city in 2015. 15 women referring to health care centers were recruited via purposeful sampling. Data was collected through semi-structured deep interviews including 7 individual interviews and 2 group interviews with women who had experience of doing pop smear test, filed note, and observation. All interviews were recorded and typed. MAXQDA software was used for coding and categorizing data. Data was analyzed by conventional qualitative content analysis method. To obtain trustworthiness and rigor of the data, the criteria of credibility, confirmability and transferability was used.
During the data analysis, four main categories of “perceived threat”, “eliminating cultural-environmental barriers”, “making motivation” and “reinforcing personal characters” were extracted.
Doing Pap smear test to prevent cancer is attributed to appropriate and intimate interactions with health professionals, family support, encouraging legislation and policies and coordination and notification of organizations.

The aim of care at birth is having a healthy mother and baby and achieving a successful vaginal delivery. Since unripe cervix leads to increased cesarean rate and causing maternal and neonatal complications, this study was performed with aim to investigate the relationship between Bishop Score at admission and delivery outcomes in nulliparous women.
This descriptive and analytic study was performed on 300 nulliparous women referring to 29 Bahman Hospital, Tabriz in 2015. Data collection tools included a checklist of individual characteristics, obstetric history, information about Bishop Score at admission, and delivery outcomes. Data were collected through observation of delivery course and studying the contents of the patient’s file. Data was analyzed by SPSS statistical software (version 21) and correlation test. P
There was significant relation between Bishop Score and duration of the first and second stage of labor (P=0.0001), duration of uterine contractions in the first stage of labor (P=0.001), abnormal fetal heart rate pattern in the first and second stage of labor (P=0.0001), using oxytocin (P=0.0001), frequency of using oxytocin (P=0.0001), the distance between the amniotomi or rupture of membranes and delivery (P=0.0001), doing episiotomy (P=0.01), pressure on the fundus during delivery (P=0.001), excessive postpartum hemorrhage (P=0.014), first minute Apgar (p=0.014), and measures taken on newborn (P=0.009). Mode of delivery (P=0.0001) was significantly related to Bishop Score at admission, so that 41 cases (31.1%) with Bishop Score ≤4 and 6 (3.6%) with Bishop Score >4 needed to perform cesarean.
Low bishop score and unripe cervix lead to an increase in adverse delivery outcomes and according to the results of this study, proceedings must be done for cervical ripening to promote Bishop score.

Nipple fissure is one of the most common problems in breastfeeding women and the main reason for the early discontinuation of breastfeeding. Due to the importance of breastfeeding, the present study was performed with aim to review the clinical trials conducted on the treatment of sore nipple and nipple pain in breastfeeding women.
In this systematic review, all local databases were searched with the keywords of “sore nipple” and “clinical trial” and databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, Science Direct and Medline with the keywords of “sore nipple” and “clinical trial” were searched to November 2015 with no time and language limitations. All the articles were reviewed based on the Jadad scale and those scoring ≥3 were selected. The results were reported qualitatively.
A total of 14 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were ultimately examined. Among the treatments examined in these studies, Lanolin along with a nipple shield, Aloevera gel, menthol essence and warm compress led to more decrease in severity of pain and the fastest recovery of sore nipples.
Lanolin along with a nipple shield, Aloevera gel, menthol essence and warm compress are the most effective treatments for sore nipples. Nevertheless, a definitive judgment about the effectiveness of these interventions requires more accurate studies with adequate sample sizes. Studies conducted on sore nipples and their treatment are scattered and drawing conclusions about the interventions is not possible due to the limited number of studies.