نشریه علوم و فنون منابع طبیعی
سال نهم شماره 1 (بهار 1393)

The forestal region Seasangon for it's tree box (Buxus) species belonging to the important forestall reservoir and in one side with respect to the role and importance of soil in growth and maintaining of this valuable species, correlation with physical and chemical characteristics of soil with tree box should be study. For this aim, in studied region three different masses ( pure tree box, tree box mass with other species and masses without tree box) were select that in these masses with accidental method 20 circular plot with 17/84 radius included and in every plot in two depth of 0-2,2-20 centimeters soil sampling is done and elements such as: Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, and electrical conduction parameter, PH, soil salty, organic matter and 3 caco were measure and soil texture were study. For studying of pedology profile in respected mass, initially we study earlier research on soils on four geographical sides. In this research determined that soil in all of geographical sides is steady and we dont need digging of profile in every side. Hence, digging of four profiles in main geographical side and on typical soil in region were done. With respect to digging profile, soil types are dark brown in the region under suborder Udalf. Horizons acidity is between 6/5 to 7/6 that for mining of organic azote is convenience. Mostly, correlation with C/N 8-14. studying of species accompany with tree box showed that Carpinus, Parrotia and Quercus species one by one 77,61 and 38 percent which they had the most presence in plots that has tree box. Dominant texture in studied plots is loamy and sandy. The conclusion of this research showed that the most value of soil Nitrogen on mixed mass and the less value of that devoted to species without tree box, pure mass of tree box has the most value of PH, electric conduction and soil 3 caco and the mass without tree box has the most values of clay and potassium in soil.

This study examines physical properties of hang together and mistletoe and normal Iran wood branches. For this purpose three healthy parratia persica tree were selected in altitude levels 200 and 400 meters at 20vat FORESTRY project. From each tree, three discs for three portion of hang together and mistletoe and normal branches of trees were cut down. Samples of discs prepared to measure physical properties including oven-dry Density , basic density, volumetric shrinkaya and volumetric swelling. The analysis of variance showed that the effect of branches on the oven-dry density, basic density ,and longitudinal shrinkaya was significant and on the volumetric shrinkaye ,tangential shrinkaye and radial shrinkaya wasn’t significant. Trend changes more then of wood basic density ,oven-dry density and longitudinal shrinkaye in hang together branches but mentioned changes in the normal and mistletoe branches were approximately equal. The results showed that misttetoe branches as plants pest didn’t howe negative effect on the physical propertieses of wood.

In case of to the high costs of road construction at forest; it is necessary to create a road network which cover more area with low length and least destruction. This research for planning the best network by considering the silviculture aims, used the topographic map, slope map, hydrographic, geology, soil, land stability, silviculture condition and..., but because of low density and inaccessibility to some high quality forest area, it could not respond to the expected aims, therefore taking cate of all effective factors, the predicted main roads network which ratified by forests organization and proposed network which suggested by this research were assessed and considered. The access roads included both networks ,the characteristics of the predicted network and proposed network respectively are: length 45.448 & 42.840 Km, length density 16.64 & 15.68 m/ha , network cover 65.36% & 69.73%, by comparison of two network and identify high lighted main points such as density, cover percent, slope, percent of the roads which pass of the stable area and other factors, the proposed network by this research selected and suggested because of less density, high percent of network cover, better communication and passing of more stable area, reduction of secondary paths, decrease the costs of wood harvesting, transportations, road construct and maintenance, technical structures.

In this study the effects of mistletoe on five essential elements of the host trees was evaluated. This research was done using analysis of leaf. Mistletoe is observed in Ilam area and often in coppice and standard oak forests, therefore, We selected oak trees that had highest infection rate ,in this study. We selected three stations that have similar condition of diameter, height, shape of crown and infestion rate ,in this study. Treatments included control trees, infested and healthy branches from infested trees(or semi infested) and six healthy tree and six infestion tree were selected. Thus we collected leaves in three treatments in three stations and the samples were taken to laboratory. leaves were dry and grind and level of element was determine and macro element in the soil were studied. Results showed that the amount of phosphor(P) and potassium(K) in infested trees is more than healthy and showed significant differences but for other elements nitrogen( N) ,calssium (Ca) , (Mg) no any significant differences were observed. Also based on the staute table enough limit of elements for potassium(K) and calcium(Ca) in oak trees was higher and nitrogen(N) and phosphour(P) and mangsium(Mg) was less.and showed that trees easily absorbed soil calssium and potassium but transition mangsium, phosphour and nitrogen is lower. .Gaelogy of the area showed that soil OC levels are very high and soil elements is very rich. despite of the high quality of the soil and ability suitable trees in uptake of soil macronutrient mistletoe weakened trees and negative impact on the morphplogy and physiology trees.therefore must be combated.

Industrial waste water usually has metal ions which can be harmful for human and other animals over the optimum level. In this study, removal of metal ions such as lead, copper and zinc from waste water using tree leaves were investigated aimingto introduce the cheap, effective and accessible adsorbents as compared to conventional adsorbents. For this aim 5 g of three leaves, namely Eucalyptus melanophlia and Eucalyptus camaldulensis from western Mazandaran province were selected, Then, 200 ml waste water containing metal ions such as lead, copper and zinc were prepared in specific concentrations and regulated at pH=5. The removal of metal ions from wastewater were tested in 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes. The result indicated significant differences between species and various removal time in 99% statistical confidence level; however Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaf had highest removal rate for zinc and copper as 68/86 and 35/32 percent, respectively. Eucalyptus melanophlia leaf had highest removal rate for lead as 33/67 percent. Also, the optimum connection time for removal of zinc from species, was 30 minutes. Also, the optimum connection time for removal of copper and lead was 120 minutes for Eucalyptus camaldulensis and the optimum connection time for removal of copper and lead for Eucalyptus melanophlia was 30 and 90 minutes. In general, for removal of zinc from waste water, the Leaves of all species has approximately equal efficiency in removing of metal ions, compared to the laboratory scale adsorbent (active carbon), which makes it more suitable regarding economical and environmental aspects. Also to remove metal ions, lead and copper leaf species compared with experimental adsorbent (activated carbon) is less effective.

In this study, the effect of the brown rot fungus (coniophoraputeana) on the Durability of poplar (populous deltoids)heartwood in Natural State and Treated with ACC (Acid copper chromate) and Nano silver has been evaluated. ACC is a kind of water borne preservatives that was used in this study for treating specimens with 0.5% and 1%and nonosilver with 800ppm concentration. In conducting the mentioned evaluation,kolleschale’s method according to DIN 52176 and EN113standard were used in completely randomized block design.Eighty Specimens were contaminated with cultured fungus for fourteen weeks under the following condition (22 c o , 75% relative humidity). After this period, weight reduction, compressive strength(parallel to grain) and hardness of specimens were tested. Results have shown that the effect of Celcure and Nanosilver on durability of populous deltoids was positive .According to Duncan’s multiple range test, the weight reduction difference between treated and nontreated samples was significant at the 0.05 level and the average of weight reduction of control samples was measured more than treated ones, so that according to Findlay 1967 classify this type was promoted from completely non durability to less durability for Nanosilver and 0.5%Celcure treated and moderately durable for1%Celcure treated . Compressive strength (parallel to grain) and hardness of treated samples were higher than control ones and were significant difference between them.

In this research, the effect of mineral filler (nano-silica) and cellulosic filler (wood flour) on the physical and mechanical properties of wood plastic composite was examined. Test samples were prepared by injection molding and by using a mix are of wood flour at three levels of 30,40,50%, nano-silica at three levels of 0,3,6% and also 2% maleic anhydride polyethylene as coupling agent. After construction of test samples, physical and mechanical properties such as flexural properties, tensile properties, impact strength, hardness, water absorption and thickness swelling were examined. The results of mechanical tests showed that with increase of nano-silica, flexural modulus, tensile modulus and hardness increased and tensile strength and impact strength decreased. Also with increase of nano-silica up to 3%, flexural strength of composite increased. With the increase of wood flour percent, flexural and tensile strength, flexural and tensile modulus, and hardness of composites increased. Also with increase of wood flour up to 40%, impact strength of wood plastic composite increased and then decreased. The results of physical tests showed that with increase of nano-silica up to 3%, 24-hour water absorption and thickness swelling decreased. With the increase of wood flour percent, 2 and 24-hour water absorption and 24-hour thickness swelling increased.

This research has been carried out in order to improve physical properties of wood-polymer composites. The specimens were prepared from aspen (Populus alba) wood species. The specimens were impregnated with styrene monomer. Desicator cell process without final vacuum was applied for impregnation of samples. In order to polymerize monomer into the samples, impregnated specimens were then heated into the oven with three temperature (140, 150, and 160 ℃) and heating times (5, 6, and 7 h). After preparing wood-polymer composites, physical properties such as specific gravity, swelling, shrinkage, and porosity of wood-polymer composite specimens were evaluated and comprised. The results showed that the temperature factor has significant effect on the loading percent of specimens, but the heating time has no significant effect on the loading percent of specimens. Also, the temperature and heating time as effectiveness factors have no significant effect on the physical properties of wood-polymer composites.