فصلنامه پاتوبیولوژی مقایسه ای
سال ششم شماره 26 (زمستان 1388)

Technological achievements of today’s world have improved human being’s comfort while depreciated their tranquility. Apart from the nutritious complications which are currently concerned by the academic associations, another problem dealt with canned beverages is their quality control in time of exitting the production saloon and then packaging in the factory .through this phase, a safe product may be contaminated by microbial , physical and even chemical risks . These pollutants might enter consumers’ bodies in time of consumption. within this research, 150 canned fizzy beverages and metal can fruit, juices from the city Tehran were collected; (25 ones collected out of the supermarkets having fridge, 25 out of off-road wholesellers, 50 out of the manufacturing plants and 50 out of the restaurants inside Tehran.) these samples were moved to the food microbiological laboratory for the microbial test and total count. The survey was done in 2 ways. First. The smeared swap was moved to the broth areas. In the second approach, the swap was taken to the broth inside.tripticase media And after 24 48 hours of incubation, 0.1ml of the sample was spread on the area. The numbers of fully grown colonies inside the sealed cans of fruit juices and fizzy beverages after the incubation were as follow : 4 colonies before opening the cans , 6 colonies on the edges of cans after consumption and 7 colonies on the edge of the can after consumption which totally demonstrate lack of a biding by the safety tips to the manufactured product after it gets out of the factory leading to poisoning the consumer after all . In the second phase of the research, the nano-antibacterial stopples to protect 25 other canned beverages added to the final product from the last factory’s packaging were used. They sensibly reduced the microbial load and made it reach to zero.

According to WHO reports increase of antibacterial resistance is a growing problem in many countries. Many efforts have been made to discover new antimicrobial compounds from various kinds of sources such as micro-organisms, animals, and plants. One of such resources is folk medicines. Systematic screening of them may result in the discovery of novel effective compounds. This study was undertaken to evaluate the growth inhibitory activity of Ephedra major Host, an important medicinal plant with various biological activities, against pathogenic Bacteria involved in common infection.Plant collection was made from district west Tehran, Iran. Extracts were obtained from arial part of plant using ethanol, acetone, methanol and water. Extract was evaporated under vacuum at 60° C. Antibacterial activities of extracts were determined by In Vitro bioassays using agar diffusion-method, MIC and MBC against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Streptococcus pyogenes (PTCC 1447) and E. coli (ATCC 8739). E. coli exhibit sensitive only to acetone extract, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistance to water extract. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes were sensitive to all tested extracts.

Congenital abnormality is effected by genetical or environmental causes. Congenital abnormality and inherited disorders are form, situation, structure and functional abnormality that existing in the time of birth. These abnormalites can change perfectly just a structure or a function of system or part of several system of body. Such form of lesion is rare that indeed happened two form of congenital abnormality. occurrded both duplication of a part of the foot (Bimelia) and absence of the skin (Epitheliogenesis imperfecta). Simultaneous occurrence of two congenital malformations is rare. We report these two in a Holstein calf.

Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of Yersiniosis or Enteric Red mouth Disease that causes huge amount of economic loss in mariculture industry worldwide. Definitive detection and effective treatment for septicemia like Y. ruckeri that outbreak critically, requires rapid and specific diagnosis. Despite the advantages of both PCR and Histopathology techniques in the terms of diagnosis and monitoring they have some defects, the aim of this study is the comparison of PCR and histopathology methods for detection of Yersiniosis in trout fish in Iran.In PCR-based detection, Extracted DNA from suspected Rainbow trout tissue utilized in PCR reaction and polymerase chain products were visualized by gel electrophoresis. In pathological detection, all tissues from live or moribund fish were fixed in 10% formalin saline. Then Samples were embedded in paraffin block and sectioned with digital microtome at 5-7 micrometer thickness. Slides were stained by haematoxillin & eosin, and then treated with mounting media. Differences in the number of positive samples in this comparison demonstrated that each mentioned technique has its advantages so if the advantages of each method exploit and one method supplements the other one, the efficiency and accuracy of monitoring the experiments would boost. In both mentioned methods, all positive results confirmed the existence of yersiniosis infection in Iran, which their comparison is very useful for monitoring and diagnosis of pathogen in the country. Differences in the number of positive samples in this comparison demonstrate that although PCR technique would provide a more rapid and sensitive alternative to traditional diagnosis in detection of harmful pathogens but in some cases such as necrotic and degenerated cells in tissue, PCR ability collapses in the comparison of other detection technique like histopathology. In this study, 20 suspected samples were tested by both techniques that 2 samples were positive and 18 samples were negative in PCR, and 5 samples were positive and 15 samples were negative in pathologic technique .

One important virulence trait utilized by Staphylococcus aureus is the ability to form biofilms , this organism is able to adhere to and penetrate inside bovine mammary epithelial cells. In S. aureus polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) was encoded by icaA and icaD genes. Production of PIA is currently responsible for staphylococcal biofilm development. Biofilm Infections are generally chronic and difficult to treat. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of phenotypic and genotypic of biofilms from bovine mastitis infections in Iran. A total of 90 samples of Staphylococcus aureus were collected from raw milks of five dairy farms near Tehran. All of the samples were diagnosed according to the National mastitis council (NMC) methods. Staph aureus isolates confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based method. In order to determine the biofilm formation capacity of the studied S. aureus strains, microtiter plate assay was performed. All the strains were screened for the presence of ica locus and icaA and icaD genes by PCR. The results of this study showed that 79 of 90 (87.7%) strains of S.aureus were found to possess the genes for biofilm production as evidenced by positive amplification of the ica locus as well as the icaA and icaD genes. The analysis of phenotypic by microtiter plate method showed that 4.4%, 40%, 43.3% of the S. aureus isolates produced strong, moderate or weak biofilm respectively, and 12.2% unable to produce biofilm.

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide contaminated parasitic zoonotic disease. The final host of this parasite is felines but large numbers of animal being is intermediate hosts for this parasite. The main aim of this survey was evaluation of seroepidemiologic prevalence of toxoplasmosis in people of Urmia city by using the Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay (ECLIA). During this cross-sectional study 200 people referred to Urmia pathobiology laboratories were examined serologically for IgG and IgM titers against toxoplasma infection by using electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay after filling a questionnaire. Results were examined by chi-square statistics analysis test. Acquired results showed that 94(47%) of studied cases serologically were positive for IgG titer and only in 7(3.5%) cases serologic titer of IgM was positive. Also in 9(4.5%) cases the titer of IgG was in uncertain level. In one case only titer of IgM was positive and totally in 6 people acute infection and in 60 people chronic infection of toxoplasmosis was found. After Statistics Analysis it was understood that there is a significant relationship between incidences of toxoplasmosis with age of people, kind of business, level of education and ways of disinfection of vegetables that are used in their meal (p0.05).

In this study, 375 serum samples were taken from 25 broiler chicken flocks, slaughtered in Isfahan, Iran. Sampling with history recording was done from healthy flocks. Flocks divided into 2 groups: vaccinated and nonvaccinated against avian influenza (AI). Sera were tested with CIAV commercial competitive ELISA kit and avian influenza HI titers were determined in vaccinated and nonvaccinated flocks. Results shown, the seroprevalence of CIAV in studied broiler chicken flocks were 20% to 100% variable and in 375 broiler chickens, without clinical signs, were 76.3%. There are no significant differences in seroprevalence of CIAV between AI vaccinated and nonvaccinated flocks. There are no statistical correlation between level of CIAV antibody and AI HI titer, but some low titers were seen in some vaccinated flocks. However, this study shown, there are high seroprevalence of subclinical CIAV in broiler chickens of Isfahan province and subclinical infection by this virus could be one cause of immunosuppression and nonproper immune response to vaccines (e.g. AI) in broiler chickens. However, CIAV vaccination of broiler breeder before laying was advised to transmite perfect protective immunity to broiler chickens.