فصلنامه پاتوبیولوژی مقایسه ای
سال نهم شماره 37 (پاییز 1391)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of different levels of antioxidant (glutamine) on buffalo spermatozoa cryopreserved in an egg yolk based extender. Ejaculates were collected From 5 matures buffalo bulls (four ejaculate per buffalo), were evaluated and diluted at 37°C in one of the following experiments: Tris-egg yolk extender (control), or the same extender supplemented with 10, 25, 50, 75 or 100 mM glutamine. The semen was loaded into 0.5 ml straws, cooled and frozen in a manual freezer and subsequently stored in liquid nitrogen. Prior to evaluation, frozen straws were thawed in a water bath (37◦C for 20 s). Freezing extenders supplemented with 25 mM glutamine led to higher sperm motility values, compared to the control and other groups. The addition of antioxidants did not affect acrosomal integrity compared to the control. The percentage of sperm viability in extender supplemented with 25 mMglutamine was higher than control group (78.03 ±0.37 & 53.13 ±0.40, respectively). The sperm viability in extender supplemented with 100 mM glutamine was lower than other glutamine supplemented groups. In conclusion, addition of glutamine to buffalo semen extender laded to higher frozen sperm quality in buffalo.

Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an important pathogen in poultry flocks, that primarily induces respiratory diseases, but different IBV strains may also affect the other tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the tissue tropism of avian infectious bronchitis virus strain 793/B in experimentally infected SPF chickens by RT-PCR and Nested-PCR assays. In this study, tissue dissemination of Iranian isolate IR/773/2001(793/B) of IBV in different organs of SPF chickens was studied. Forty two one-day-old SPF chicks were divided randomly into two groups (21chicks per group). At the age of 12 days old the chicks in group1 were inoculated intra-ocularly with 103EID50 of the 793/B isolate, and group2 was control group. The samples from various tissues were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days post-inoculation (PI). The chicks of infected group exhibited depression at 2 to 4 days PI. The IBV virus was detected in the cecal tonsils and cloaca from days 2-12 PI. Also virus detected in kidneys from days 4-10 PI, and in Bursa of fabricius from 4-12 days PI. In the trachea virus was detected on days 2 and 4 PI and in thymus samples virus was detected on days 6 and 8 PI. The positive sample from the lungs only was at day 4 PI. The results of this study indicated that the 793/B serotype of IBV cannot cause mortality, sever clinical signs or gross lesions in infected chickens, but its replication in some tissues could expose birds to other micro-organisms.

In this survey infection of Diplostomum spathaceum in Carassius Carassius fish in Nazlo River of Urmia city during the spring 1388 to summer of 1389 were studied. Totally 43 numbers of fish in different season of year from along the river Nazlo were caught by net fishing and transferred to parasitology laboratory of Urmia Islamic Azad University .In the parasitology laboratory investigate of parasites. The results indicated that 16.27% of fish (7 fish) showed infection with this parasite which presents a high rate of infection in the fishes in this water resource because Diplostomum spathaceum its normal value in terms of the World report APHIS veterinary service info sheet 3 to is 10 percent .There are significant differences between the percent of infection depended on the different season of year.

Due to restrictions on the use of antibiotics, tend to be cheaper to replace them with natural materials and has strengthened. Among the various alternative materials, recent products of plant origin which have special status. In the present, Antibacterial effects of essential oils of five medicinal plants (Mentha spicata), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), Cloves (Eugenia caryophyllata) Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and Sumac (Rhus coraria) on three strains of bacteria (Escherchia coli, Listeria monocytogenes , Vibrio alginolyticus) were studied. To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oil from the standard method of broth microdilution was used and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) with MIC values was determined for each oil. Results showed that the lowest MIC value was 4 mg/ ml of Eugenia caryophyllata essential oil against the bacteria V. alginolyticus and E. coli bacteria, as well as Mentha spicata on V. alginolyticus and MBC values of these oils, twice the MIC value (8 mg/ ml),whereas The highest MIC values was 18 mg / ml of Rosemary essential oils against the L. monocytogenes and MBC value of this oil was 36 mg/ ml. Among the oils, Clove oil was stronger, and bacteria were more sensitive to it, and rosemary oil was weaker and the bacteria were resistant to it compared to other oils. The most sensitive and most resistant bacteria to essential oils were Vibrio and Listeria, respectively. The result of that essential oils have antibacterial effects against the bacteria and the essential oils of clove and mint were stronger, Therefore it is suggested that the separation of these two essential active ingredient can be used to control other pathogenic bacteria.

In the last years, there has been growing interest in finding plants for treatment and prevention of disease. Borage officinalis, Camellia sinensis, Chamaemelum nobile, Morus alba and Rosmarinus officinals are usually used in traditional medicine. The aim of this experimental study was co assay of antioxidant and flavonoids levels of alcoholic extraction of these plants. In this study the antioxidant activity was surveyed by applying iron ion reducing assay (FRAP assay) and flavonoids levels with measuring the complex flavonoids with trivalent aluminum ion. Results from the present study show,the alcoholic extraction of Rosmarinus officinals have a marked antioxidant activity, and the high levels of flavonoids was recorded by Chamaemelum nobile. Camellia sinensis had both effects; antioxidant activity, flavonoids levels. The using of screening tests such as the mentioned methods are useful for finding biological components with different effects

Babesia bigemina and Theileria Anulata infection is common in tropical and sub tropical areas of Iran. Simultaneous infection with Theileria annulata and Anaplasma marginale in cattle has been reported from Kerman, but there is not any published report on Simultaneous infection of cattle with Theileria annulata and Babsia bigemina in Iran. The present report implies a case of concurrent infection of cattle with Theileria annulata and Babesia bigemina in one of the traditional dairies of Tabriz. Clinical signs include swelling of the superficial lymph nodes, fever (40-41°C), anorexia, and increased hearing area of the heart sound, tachycardia, severe anemia, Haemoglobinuria, and Cachexia. Blood smears prepared from the ear vein and stained with Geimsa stain and observation of the morphologic characteristics by light microscope and results of PCR method, showed simultaneous infection with Theileria annulata and Babsia begemina.

Theileria lestoquardi and Theileria ovis are the causative agents of ovine theileriosis in Iran. The disease severity and the outcomes of these two species are completely different. Theileria lestoquardi unlike Theileria ovis, causes a severe disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate called ovine and caprine malignant theileriosis. The pathogenicity aspects of T.lestoquardi are poorly understood. Many studies have investigated the pathogen molecules of Theileria annulata and Theileria parva involved in both host cell transformation and proliferation. Tash (Theileria annulata schizont) pathogens proteins in theileria annulata are secrotome proteins, synthesized in schizont stage, located to parasite and host cell nucleus and are related to parasite pathogenicity. In the present study, multiple primers were designed based on Tash genes and the presence of Tash-like sequence in Theileria lestoquardi and Theileria ovis genomes were assessed. A 420 bp nucleotide sequene in T.Lestoquardi which was very similar to TashHN in theileria annulata was identified. This is the first report of a Theilerial lestoquardi sequence that would appear related to pathogenecity of malignant theileriosis in sheep.