نشریه سیاست نامه علم و فناوری
سال سوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 5، تابستان 1392)

This paper is about what governments have done and could do to promote the production, diffusion and use of scientific and technical knowledge in order to realize national objectives. We begin the chapter with „story-telling based on sketchy historical facts. The aim of the two stories is to illustrate that innovation policy covers a wide set of issues that have been on the agenda far back in history while still remaining important today. We move on to sketch the history of innovation policy splitting it up in the three ideal types: science, technology and innovation policy. We use OECD documents and other sources to do so. Finally we point to future challenges, and highlight research opportunities

One of public policy stages is implementation stage to operationalise policy decisions and resolutions taken by policymakers to achieve their goals. Also one of goals in the developing countries is the expansion and growth of technology in order to build a competitive economy in the international arena. As a result these goals are prioritized in economic development plan of the governments. Various factors affect the successful implementation of policies and the regulations and programs adopted by Parliament doesn’t mean successful implementation of policies. The most important factor for the unsuccessful implementation of policies is lack of participation of shareholders in formulating, implementing and evaluating of policies. Technology development policies in accordance with “National Innovation System” discuss the relationship between industry, university and state. The system provides condition that industries and universities are involved in formulation and evaluation process of government technology policies. In formulating policy, university and industry both determine interests, strengths and weaknesses of technology policies and legitimize technology policies. Also in evaluating policy, university and industry the both reform implementation policies and make the state more responsible.

Because of importance of innovation system in industry sector, considering effective factors on promotion of research and technology, can provide assessment structure of government’s performance in every subsets of innovation system. Because one of the priority setting methods in making changes and evolution is the evaluation system, so the present study by the examination of main active factors in the country’s innovation system, based on framework of the hierarchical model of objectives, has evaluated the government’s performance. Finally, by the use of assessment data and also size of impact of each factor on the whole system, size of evolution in each effective factor has been calculated. According to the research’s results, more attention to soft factors versus hard factors has been the most important finding of this study, so this study has emphasized the neccessity of reform of country’s system of science and technology orientations to the knowledge-based economy and increasing commercialization of technology and change in the path of research activities to the main needs of industry sector.

Although effectiveness of Research and Technology Organizations is influenced by several factors, it depends on market orientation as a strategic factor and frontier Research and Technology Organizations in the world have a highly market orientation competencies. On this basis, and importance of acquiring market orientation competencies for Research and Technology Organizations is increasing that calls for developing market orientation models based on the characteristics and nature of these organizations. The main objective of this study is to provide a practical model for market orientation in Research and Technology Organizations. For this purpose, various market orientation models have been studied with respect to the nature and characteristics of Research and Technology Organizations. One of the market orientation models that is more appropriate to the Research and Technology Organizations have been choosen and based on operational environment conditions and requirements of these organizationsthe model has been modified. This model in addition to explaining the execution of market orientation in Research and Technology Organizations, shows two kinds of direct and indirect relationship between market orientation and performance in Research and Technology Organizations. At the some implications and recommendations are suggested.

Dynamic economy needs efficient human capital which includes elites, professionals and entrepreneurs to continue innovation and competitiveness. Brain drain in the developing countries leads to growing gaps between innovation and technology in country of origin and destination. Therefore this study is investigated the effect of brain drain on innovation in countries of the middle east region and the U.S.A during period of 2000-2009. The results showed that the Islamic Republic of Iran among the region countries has taken first rank in terms of brain drain, also in terms of innovation product has a big gap with the U.S.A. It should be noted Iran in comparison with other region countries potentially is relatively well in terms of indicators of innovation,. Middle east countries also have significant differences with the United States in terms of innovation. On the other hand countries such as Turkey and Kuwait, have less brain drain than other region countries, also have relatively good position in terms of innovation indicators.

In recent years, university ranking is one issue that is increasingly being discussed in higher education and scientometrics literature. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce, compare and analyze the nine indicators of university ranking systems and higher education institutions (SHANGHI, QS, THES, HEEACT, Webometrics, Leiden,Newsweek and Regional Ranking of the Islamic world(ISC). To compare these ranking systems, their results in various years as well as the existing literature have been studied. that the result is that the criteria used in ranking systems of QS, THES, Webometrics are student-centered while the rankings of Shanghai, Leiden and HEEACT are more based on research. There is much similarity between the rankings Compared with the limited scope of the global surface area is greater similarity between the data.