مجله مدیریت نوآوری
سال چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 14، زمستان 1394)

The ability to identify and utilize external knowledge and technologies which is called “absorptive capacity” is one of the main competitive factors at firm and national level. Different factors impress absorptive capacity, which one of purposes in current paper is to identify these factors which will be discuss as common innovation infrastructures. The other purpose which this paper follows is to consider the impact of absorptive capacity on the innovative performance of countries. The proposed conceptual model is composed of three dimensions; “Common innovation infrastructure”, “National absorptive capacity” and “Innovative performance” which includes 8 constructs in total. This applied and correlational research has selected 81 countries around the world as the sample, based on the availability of their data. Data are gathered from different databases; and Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze and validate data using AMOS software. The results show that the experimental data fit the conceptual model and absorptive capacity is a confounding variable in positive effect of common innovation infrastructures on national innovative performance.

Incomplete implementation of policies is a problem which all developed and developing countries are face to. In the point of policy-making knowledge, the main reasons for this lack are the factors that hinder the implementation of the policies at different levels. This study has been carried out in order to identify the barriers of science and technology policy implementation in Iran, with emphasis on Holistic Scientific Map as a major plan, and 3 other sub-plans namely Aerospace Development Plan, Stem Cell Science and Technology Plan, and Medicinal Plants Document. To this end a combined method including a quantitative and a
qualitative phase have been used. In qualitative phase, with taking into account the previous studies, the barriers of policy implementation was classified in the form of a framework. Then a list of obstacles has been provided, corrected and competed with the help of some policymakers and aforementioned roadmaps and plans executives through conducting interviews. In quantitative phase, for weighting each recognized barrier, a questionnaire has been designed and distributed to 31 experts and policymaking executives through selective and subjective sampling. According to this survey, the main obstacles to implement science and technology
policy documents are: The problem of priorities, in a way that all the proceedings listed in the plan should have its own priority; Lack of foresight results in drafting documents; Non-compliance of policies with existed challenges; Absence of networking among policymakers; Non governing outreach policies; Lack of Intra- sectoral vision; The structure of detached bureaucracy; and lack of long-term vision to management and governance of policy programs.

Employees’ knowledge sharing is a key ability to achieve sustainable competitive advantage in current dynamic economic, especially in high-tech firms. Effective knowledge sharing among employees could considerably affect time, cost and quality of research and development activities in such organizations. Therefore, this paper is aimed at examining how to form knowledge-sharing behavior in a high-tech firm based on theory of planned behavior (TPB). To this end, following literature review about knowledge-sharing determinants, theory of planned behavior is explained. Then, the conceptual model and research hypotheses are discussed. A descriptive-survey methodology was conducted and a questionnaire developed for gathering data. Also, Partial Least Squares (PLS) method was used to test research hypotheses. Following the analysis of data gathered from the statistical population, results show that there is a significant positive effect of attitude toward knowledge sharing, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on knowledge-
sharing intention. Additionally, research findings indicate that knowledge-sharing intention and perceived behavioral control significantly influence on knowledge-sharing behavior. Finally, based on research findings, some practical implications for knowledge management practitioners, to foster employees’ knowledge sharing, are suggested and also some suggestions are made for future works to overcome current research shortcomings.

With regard to the increasing competition and continuous changes in international business environment, it is vital to take advantage of strategic initiatives in order to develop new products with appropriate performance. Export is an important strategy in order to expand the restricted internal markets to vast international markets for exposing the products. There are different factors which affect the export performance of new products. The purpose of current study is to investigate the impact of entrepreneurial orientation and innovation ambidexterity on export performance of new products with regard to the moderating role of innovation intensity of product. For this purpose, the opinions of 81 executives and experts of an automobile manufacturer and exporter company gathered through a questionnaire. The gathered data were analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling and Smart PLS 2. The results show that entrepreneurial orientation has a significant impact on innovation ambidexterity and export performance of new products. Also, the impact of
innovation ambidexterity on export performance of new products is confirmed. Innovation intensity of product moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and export performance of new products, and also moderates the relationship between innovation ambidexterity and export performance of new products.

Investigating the Key Success Factors is a crucial step in developing innovation strategy and planning technological innovation in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle industry. Current study alongside investigating the reasons for innovation success, searches the requirements for formation of Sectorial Innovation Systems based on Malreba innovation model. Following the reviews on innovation literature and extracting key success factors in innovation, the key success factors related to Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) industry
were recognized through interviews with UAV industry experts. Then the authors have determined the importance and priorities of factors by statistical analysis of a data gathered through questionnaires which were distributed to elites and experts of the industry. The findings show that establishment of a cooperation and communication network among manufacturers, suppliers and clients and users; a clear and precise definition of innovation projects by clients; precise allocation of financial resources to the project based on
project value by the government are UAV industry key success factor which are ranked respectively.

Following the victory of Iranian Islamic Revolution, a large number of foreign experts were deported from defense industries; and also by the imposed war and consequently imposed tough sanctions against Iran, the infirm innovation process in defense industries was halted. Thereupon, extensive efforts were started in innovation process and patterns in defense industries. The main specifications of these efforts were self-determining; take the advantages of the finite technological collaboration opportunities and activities based on try and error. Since there was not any research on typology of evolutionary processes in this period, the current study with the aim of innovation patterns recognition is conducted. To this end, 15 major defense projects which were compatible with determined defense success measures were investigated through conducting deep exploratory interviews with defense experts and executive technicians along with taking advantage of conceptual analysis method in which the concepts, components and innovation process models were extracted. The research validated according to three-front validity method. Finally, 4 different paths of defense innovation were extracted according to classifications of key defense products. Results show that all these paths begin with operational requirement and all had phases of team creation and research foundation. All these paths led to the formation of an industrial and manufacturing foundation. Also the improvement of functional specification and innovation development has occurred.