نشریه رفتار حرکتی
پیاپی 23 (بهار 1395)

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of generic and non-generic feedback on motor performance and learning in mentally retarded children based on two approaches about abilities. 30 mentally retarded children were selected and divided into two generic and non-generic feedback groups and performed two experiments. In the first experiment, subjects were asked to kick a soccer ball into a specific target. During the acquisition period there was no difference between the two groups (P=0.918). However, after receiving negative feedback, providing generic feedback resulted in worse performance than non-generic feedback (P=0.003). In retention test, providing generic feedback during practice caused worse performance (P=0.001). In second experiment we examined more permanent consequences. Results of retention test, performed one day after practicing a throwing task, showed that participants who received non-generic feedback during practice outperformed the generic feedback group, after receiving a negative feedback statement (P

For problems with balance and strength in mentally retarded student, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a selective training program on static balance & isometric strength in female educable mental students with mental retardation. 26 females’ educable mental retardation, between 10 and 15 years of age participated in this research and they were divided into two different groups, experimental group (Age: 13.72±1.82 Years, Height: 146±8.46 cm, weight: 43.15±15.94 kg, IQ: 61.38±7.17 mental age: 7.16±1.22 years) and controls group (age: 14.06±1.88 years, height: 148.92±10.75 cm, weight: 46.48±11.07 kg, IQ: 61.30±5.03, mental age: 7.18 ±1.07). Experimental group performed a selective training program for 8-week, three times a week, and each section lasted for 50 minutes performs strength and balance exercise training. One leg Balance with opened and closed eyes were evaluated using one leg stance test, and isometric strength test for trucks extensors were assessed using an isometric dynamometer before& after training program. Repeated measured between subject analysis revealed that experimental group, improved significantly (P≤0.05) on Balance with eyes opened and closed in addition improved significantly on leg strength. Therefore, this training program had affirmative effect on static balance & isometric trunks strength and can be applied to educable mentally retarded children.

The present study was aimed at investigating the number of errors made during learning a motor skill, putting the soccer ball, to create different type of learning (implicit learning vs. explicit learning). For this purpose, 10-12 year-old female children trained in three groups of 12 of errorless, error full and variable practice that performed 8 blocks of 25 trials for 8 different distances. Then, the subjects were asked to report each technique that they have used to perform the task successfully. Their performance was evaluated a week later in retention, dual transfer and novel distance transfer tests using absolute and variable error. There was a statistically significant improvement in the acquisition phase for each group (P=0.001); however, errorless group had lower error (P=0.001), also the number of rules reported after training was significantly lower than the two other groups (P=0.001). The results of retention and dual transfer test showed better performance (namely less absolute and variable error) for the errorless group than the other groups (P=0.001); however, the variable practice group in the novel distance transfer test had less absolute and variable error (P=0.001) and therefore better performance. Findings concluded that the reduction of errors during practice leads to implicit learning of putting soccer in female young children, and this type of learning compared with explicit learning under conditions of disorder (dual task) remains stable, but the generalization and skill transfer to novel conditions is better in explicit learning.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of near external and far external focus of attention on performance and kinematic of horizontal jump in skilled athletes. Participants were 15 males’ students’ member of volleyball and basketball team with an average age (23±4) that purposefully selected. The task was the horizontal jumping test which was executed under three condition (3 trials in per conditions; CON, EXN and EXF). Participants in the control condition did not receive any instruction, in EXF condition, participants were instructed to focus on a cone 5m far from the jumping lines, in EXN condition, participants were instructed to focus on the jumping lines on the floor. Kinematic data of knee joint was recorded by 3 markers in knee joint and 8 camera motion analysis. The results indicated that participant in EXN and EXF condition had significantly higher performance and also less maximum knee flexion than CON condition (P≤0.05). However, there was no significant difference between EXF and EXN condition (P>0.05). The result of the present study support “constrained action hypothesis” and show that focusing on the movement effect on the environment improve motor performance like jumping.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of visual stimuli training on choice reaction time in male taekwondo players. This study was a quasi-experimental research with a pretest/protest design and a control group. The participants were 10 to 16 year-old male taekwondo players who practiced in three different gyms in Isfahan (first half of 1392) and had a red belt. From among these players, a number of 30 players (mean age of 16.2 ± 2.13) were selected through convenience sampling and were randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The experimental group participated in 8 weeks of visual stimuli training (3 sessions per week, each session 45 minutes); however, the control group did their common taekwondo training during the practice. In order to measure choice reaction time, the psychological refractory period apparatus and reaction time model 9010 were used for both the pre- and post-tests. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the collected data (α=0.05). The results showed that 8 weeks of visual stimuli training had a significant effect on reducing choice reaction time on right and left foot in Ap Dollyo Chagi, Dollyo Chagi, Bahndall Chagi kicks (p=0.001). Therefore, it can be concluded that visual stimuli training can be an effective training method to help improve choice reaction time in taekwondo players.

The prime objective of the current study was to comparative the impact of game and pharmacotherpay upon the development of the attention span and gross motor skills in children suffering from ADHD. Amongst the 65 children diagnosed with ADHD, 45 were randomly selected and divided in 4 groups on the basis of their age and the results of given pretests conducted via Ulrich’s test and KLT ticking mini-test. These four groups included the control group, the game therapy group, the pharmacotherpay group, and the combined game and pharmacotherpay group. The game therapy group was then subjected to eighteen 45-minute-long sessions of games selected from "sport for all program" designed by American Institution of Human Kinetics. The pharmacotherpay group was subjected to a six-week-long medication-based treatment prescribed by a specialist, and the combined game and pharmacotherpay group were simoltunuously subjected to both therapeutic strategies. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze the data. The findings indicated that both combined game and pharmacotherapy and game therapy strategies could significantly improve the attention span and motor skills of children with ADHD, whereas pharmacotherpay alone could solely develop the attention span of these children. Based on the findings oft he present research, it is strongly recommended that a combined game and pharmacotherapeutical strategy be applied to ensure the efficient improvement of attention span and motor skills in children with ADHD.

The purpose of this study was determining validity and reliability and normalization of the Persian version of the young experience questionnaire in sport. For this purpose, 400 boys and girls with different levels of skills and in different fields, were chosen by random sampling and completed the Persian version of the young experience questionnaire in sport. At first it was confirmed by using translation-back translation method and face validity and translation accuracy. For determining questionnaire constructive validity of confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations model was used for determining questionnaire Internal consistency of Cronbach alpha coefficient was used for temporal reliability of items intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method was used to study temporal reliability of items and percentile points was used for normalization. The results showed that the first model of Persian Version of the Young Experience Survey in Sport (37 questions) was not favorable fit indexes. After eliminating the ten questions of the Negative Experiences factor, the second model with 27 questions had acceptable fit index. In addition, Cronbach alpha coefficient and intra-class correlation coefficient showed that Persian version of the young experience questionnaire in sport with 27 questions has an acceptable and temporal and internal reliability among young athletes. So Persian version of the young experience questionnaire in sport has the usability by researchers in order to identify the effects of sports participation on various aspects of young's life.

Multiple sclerosis is the most widespread inflammatory disease. One of the main problems of individuals afflicted with MS is postural control. According to the significant needs for postural control, the present study aims to examine the effect of a course of balancing and combinational exercises on postural fluctuations of women with MS. In this study, 30 women, aged 25-45, who were members of MS Society of Khorasan Razavi and had a physical disability score of (1-4), were randomly assigned to three equal groups (two experimental groups and a control group). Experimental groups did center balancing exercises for eight weeks, three sessions each week. Combinational exercises group also did a cognitive task during the center balancing exercises. Fluctuations in patients’ posture were measured by standing on a power platform pre and post balancing exercises and the average fluctuation of the center of pressure was measured. Leaven and Covariate Analysis were used for comparison of means. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the average fluctuations of two groups in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral. The results of Tukey test showed that there is a significant difference between the average fluctuations of experimental groups in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral (P

The aim of this study was to examine impact of different intensities of exercise fatigue on increasing and decreasing intra trial stimulus speed on coincidence-anticipation timing. Subjects were 15 volunteer students (20.33±0.97) years of Allameh Tabataba’i University. After sampling and choose proper software (coincidence-anticipation timing software) anticipation all subjects performed 1 block consist of 10 trial with intra trial variation under three fatigue conditions: rest, moderate-intensity and high-intensity exercise on treadmill until the participants reached a steady state of 50% and 80% of heart rate reserve (HRR), respectively. Data was analyzed with Kalmogorov- Smiranov Test normality and homogeneity of variance tests Levine test, repeated measure (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test frequently in significant level of (0.05). Results showed in increasing rate moderate intensity exercise-related fatigue (50%), variable error was not significant (P>0.05), but absolute error was significant (P0.05), but in high-intensity exercise related fatigue (80%) variable error and absolute error was significant(P

The aim of present study was survey the effect of training in water with and without Dolphin on gross motor skills of 8 years old children with Autism disorder spectrum. The subjects included 10 children (8 years old) who suffered with Autism spectrum disorder in Kish Island; who, assigned randomly to training in water with dolphin and training in water without dolphin groups. Bruininks-Oseretsky test was used for data collection. After pre-test according to Bruininks-Oseretsky test, subjects of both groups, practiced SPARK motor program for 16 sessions. The first group swam with dolphins after doing correct SPARK motor program; while, in the same time, other group training in water without dolphin. After training period, subjects participated in Bruininks-Oseretsky test. The analysis of data by ANCOVA showed that, there was significant difference in balance, strength and coordination of upper limbs factors (P0.05). The comparison of total score on gross motor skills according to total point of every subtest showed significant difference in training in water with dolphin with training in water without dolphin groups (P