فصلنامه شعر پژوهی (بوستان ادب)
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 27، بهار 1395)

Manoochehr Atashi the contemporary poet who passed the way of Nima Yooshij and inclined the modern poetic experiences, has registered his name in the list of modern contemporary Persian poets; however he has entered the postmodern world in some of his historical- narrative poems and tried to create narratives with the method of historical metafictions, especially in his last collection that published after his death (return into stone, 2007). In this essay, while showing the extent of history in Manoochehr Atashi's poems and presenting the parameters of historical metafictions, we will analyze 11 poems (from "return into stone" collection) by using of five historical metafiction parameters that consist: anachrony, rational critic, teleological critic of history, challenge with historical trurhs, irony. The result proved the postmodern appeoach of Manoochehr Atashi in some of his historical – narrative poems. The result also proved the efforts of Atashi to create some historical metafictions in his last collection.

what is being studied in this survay, is the following line from Khaghani's Tarsaeiyeh ballade:"Due to this oppression, I go kiss the bell, and tie Zennar(the christian belt)." In the recent years some of the interpreters have doubted in the use of the word "kiss(Boosam)" in the said line, and believe that this word is an error in writing of the word "Noosham(the short form of Niyooshidan" that means "listen" Khaghani's will in this line is not kissing the bell but listening to it, which in passage of time due to different reasons, it has faced this error in writing. this survay aims on the virtual and essential study of the word "bell" in persian versified texts and this word's history. therefore it is tried to study the "kiss/listen to bell" topic using dictionaries and poetical works to resolve this ambiguity.

This study examines the concept of Shath in Masnavi. Utilizing an analytic-descriptive approach and drawing on the relevant literature, including but not limited to Sharhe Shathiyat and Tazkeratololia, we tried to come up with a definition of Shath as well as cases of Shath uses. Next, we examined Masnavi for its uses of Shath, and juxtaposed them with those of Roozbehan and Attar. Moreover, the relationships among the diverse range of topics to which Shath applies and their mystical underpinnings is illustrated using a circle chart. The circle shows that the connecting pattern in this diversity is the notion of 'fanā and vesāl', which is further divisible to minor concepts such as the incentive for reachig, the reaching hum, the path to reaching, barriers to reaching, and the gains of reaching. Moreover, this study reveals that Rumi, in his Masnavi, has employed Shath in all its manifestations and topics. However, he has tactfully tailored such various uses to the needs of his audience in order to render them more accessible and welcoming. We also postulate that Shath is more than a mere linguistic archetype and that a good number of Shaths are behavioral indicative of social deconstructions or breaking social norms.

Invocation as the easiest way for interactive dialogue of people with God, have been from foundations and components of all religions throughout history. Studying Official praise and worship of different faiths represents the intellectual & religious system, social and religious conditions and individual needs in different ages.
This paper examines the description & statistics of all prayers of Gathas (the oldest surviving written work from Iranians), a Verse collection, According to most of Contemporary scholars is only Zarathustra's speech while, while other parts of the Avesta is written in later periods.Most desires and demands of the Gathas Includes: promoting the truth and suppressing falsehood, liberation of the land and its animals from oppression & anger and Cruelty, Having peaceful and cheerful lives, prosperous society, and thus achieving the eternal & Divine Territory of Ahura Mazda (paradise),also eternal rewards & Forgiveness on the Day of Resurrection .Reviewing the Theme of Gathas prayers shows target audience of Zarathustra are Mazda, Ahura,Ashavahishta, Mazda Ahura, Bahman, Sepandarmaz, Ahura Mazda & Sharivar respectively , and he uses the plural pronoun in many cases.The expression of Zoroaster Strengthens This idea as Zoroaster uses the names of Mazda, Ahura, Ahura Mazda & Mazda Ahura refer to single Being, Amesha Spentas are all manifestations & qualities of Uniqa God.This Statistical research indicates that spiritual demands includes two-thirds of material desires and Zoroaster than to pray for themselves, prays "Chief Wise" for others.

Coup of 28 August 1332 in Iran is one of the most influential events. The consequences of it for committed intellectuals, frustration, despair and take refuge in opium and wine and cases of this kind. Thereby creating a kind of poetry called Black poetry that in same poetic movements such realism, black romanticism and social symbolism can be seen. Mehdi Akhavan Sales is the most visible face of the recent movement. The present study explores and analyzes the black similes of Akhavan as one of the most important elements of his imagery. The result shows that poet wants to indicate by the creation of these new similes, so hidden, bitter picture of the social conditions of Iranian society at that day and by using of this literary device, also to object to the situation at that time, would pass magnification censorship of Pahlavi government.

Critisim of poets that is the methods and approaches of special taste critisim, has relative popularity across Persian poetry. Poets pays attention to critisim and opinion of poet or his/her poems by using positive and negative methods or motivation for long time. With reviewing the Shafiei Kadkani,s poems we found that he pays attention to this cristisim method in his poems. The present assay attempted to analyze Kadkani,s methods and approaches in addition to explain similarities and differences of poetry, his critisim with past and present similar works. The results showed that poetry-critisim of Shafiei have two main the content oriented critique socialist and ideological ones witch are mostly embodied in poet's poetry of 40s and 50s and aesthetics and structralist critics mostly containing his postrevolution poems regarding mode of expression as well. It works in terms of expression are two main approaches: direct method, indirect method. In direct critisim method, In one hand, the first method pays attention to praise of famous and great poets, and Censure the eulogy, bless demand, painless, extremist and pseudo-modern poets and pseudo-poets. The second method explains poetic concept and nature of poetry and human, social and its aesthetic performance. Also unlike the past or contemporary, the origin of poetry - Reviews Shafiei, regardless of the Some exceptions, often cultural beliefs, human emotions and artistic concerns.

Vāyu is one of the most mysterious Indo_Iranian gods that despite other Mazdayastan gods, has a concept of the dual confrontation of life and death. It has been mentioned in "Rig_Veda", "Avesta" and Pahlavi texts. By studying reflection of two different divine and devilish faces of it among these texts and after that in national epics, we are able to understand the enduring ability of this ancient god in forms of ritual_mythical patterns of pray, combat and death. Method of this research is descriptive_analytical and based on library sources through finding Vāyu `s function among religious texts and its reflection in epic poems it has been tried to show that despite the presence of simple word of "wind" in epics, we must pay more attention to its deeper layer of the word meaning and what that exists in its mythical_semantic meaning. After examination of various evidences in epic poems, we have come to conclusion that wind is not only a representative of a simple natural phenomenon, but also Vāyu , has kept its mythical function among epic works especially Shahnameh; and it has reflected itself through three main role of god of war, god of warriors with a variety of acts like its battle with hero, army help, hero assistance to cross the sea, flag overthrow and supporting the king, role of a death messenger, and finally as the role of tištar assistant in doing some acts like wizardry by the wind and test of hero by wind and coldness.

Intertextuality is an important issues in the contemporary literary theory, which has been studied by researchers due to comparison with research history and taste of Iranian in the field of studying the loaning and influence of context. This paper aims, by the descriptive-analytical method, to with taking advantage of such event, particulary by relying on Jenny point of view about the strong intertextuality and Bloom votes concern with the worry of effectiveness, discover and analyse the various relation and enormous similarities of both poems of kasrai's Arashe kamangir (archer arash) and Akhavan's khane hashtom (eighth adventure) and where by, prove the certainty of wide effectiveness of Akhavan compared with kasrai. For this reason, in this paper, the relation of both poem, regard to contents and form has studied and analysed. Results of this study showed that there is a strong intertextual relation between both poems. This relation is based on continuity in term of sharing the myth-focused and at saga genre, on correspondence in term of sharing in social-political events, initial space-making, narrator and external music. It is based on evolution in term of language structure and ending. But Akhavan, in order to release from effectiveness worry, tired to show his poem different from Kasrai poem.

Boostan or Sadiname is one of the most valuable works in Persian literature. This book that depicting sadis ideal world, has high capacity for interdisciplinary. In recent years many researchers have considerated on communication category. In a general segmentation communication can be dividing in two types: verbal and nonverbal. Nonverbal communications in relation process can contain roles like completion, deny, repetition, control, succession, and injunctive and sometimes perform many roles together. Some researchers believe the nonverbal communications that including face mode, gestures, sight and body contact, modes and lingual issues, in some situations are more important than verbal communications. They believe sometimes a smile can reveal emotions better than words. Bird whistell and Albert mehrabian , pioneers of nonverbal researches field, believe sixty five or ninthy tree percent of transferring meanings and purposes performed through nonverbal behaviors during the communication. In this article nonverbal communication analysis in sadis boostan and determined functionality and aims of nonverbal behaviors.