نشریه رهیافت
پیاپی 61 (بهار 1395)

Technology is a set of information, tools and techniques that are derived from science and practical experience used in the design, development, manufacture and deployment of products, processes, systems and services. Nowadays the main reasons for considering technology monitoring include: accelerating technological developments, changes in domain, changes in competition and the formation of trade blocs. Technology monitoring is applied to know the used technology and, examine its effects and also compare with other technologies used in other high-technology companies. In fact, this method is a tool for high technology companies to identify existing technologies and the opportunities and threats ahead as well to recognize and plan for them. In this process, by comparison with other high-technology companies strengths and weaknesses are appeared and by focusing on the problems, the use of a specific technology is concerned. Basically this procedure is based on the improvement of strengths and elimination of weaknesses. In general, the aim of technology monitoring is to consider the changes in technology purposefully and to identify the status quo in technology and help to its management and development. This article discusses technology monitoring in high technology companies through literature review analysis. Hence in this paper the concept of technology is discussed first. Then the morphology of technology is discussed and later the technological innovation in high-technology companies, advanced technology and the management process of these innovative technologies are discussed. Then technology monitoring is explained and its models are also discussed. At the end the conclusion is drawn from the discussions.

The main purpose of this article is to explain nature, growth and development of the alternative measures, reorganization, measurement tools, and the advantages, limitations, and consideration of these metrics for evaluating research. The method used in this article is library research method. The findings shows that alternative measures are derived the article level metrics and originated from twitter hash tag. The researchers like Bornmann and Tamarrow proposed different models for reorganization of these metrics. The use of these metrics in research evaluation, respect to the advantages like extension and popularity can lead to the evaluation effectiveness, while some considerations such as data quality and data manipulation can lead to plenty of limitations. Accordingly, the growth of electronic publications is emerged in the context of social networks. Researchers believe that in spite of numerous benefits of this metrics still they have challenges. Thus they have mentioned as complementary to traditional measures.

Measuring progress is crucial for policy makers and the society. Countries that use reliable Statistics about the rate of progress know their position, what are their capabilities and limitations and most importantly, they know where they are going and how theyre going to get there. The purpose of this paper is to study the status of science and technology in other countries and the way of their advancement to guide policy makers in the field of science and technology For this Reason, the use of comparative evaluation for evaluating industrial and technological capability of a country is necessary. InThis article the library studies and global statistics are used to evaluate three categories of indicators affecting the progress of science and technology, including general, infrastructural and specialized indicators in Iran and developing countries of East Asia and Central Asia to Be addressed.

One of the major and affective factors influencing competitiveness ranking of countries is research and technology and this is because of today technology increasingly has influenced different levels of competitiveness, and achieving competitiveness through technology requires technological innovation. As research and technology is a prerequisite for technological innovation, then, research and technology competitiveness is a strategic eligible for seizing competitive advantage through technology. Hence, emphasize on the role of research and technology to increase the competitiveness index of countries, regardless of the competitiveness of its research and technology would not make sense.
Research and technology competitiveness is an area that despite its importance and its heavy investment on knowledge-based development by Iran’s government, so far has been little studied. The purpose of this article is to explain the concept of competitiveness for research and technology. Accordingly, first, the concept of competition and competitiveness and different levels of competitiveness is are reviewed and then, the different levels of research and technology competitiveness in four levels of national, between sectors and within sectors and technological competence areas are described. Finally, some implication are provided for managers and conclusion is drawn from the discussion.

During the last decade, due to the growing volume and complexity of information generated in the process of working through the enlargement of the organization, the importance of moving towards the use of information systems is required to further enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of organizations. On the other hand, at this age, because of the competition between organizations in their products and services, being behind is hard to compensate. So, the one is really important is realizing that the use of these tools in an organization should be accepted by the staffs; because they should use the systems. This needs to conduct research to identify the determinants of user acceptance of information systems reveal. Understanding the factors that lead to the adoption of new technologies and create the conditions under which information technologies intended to be accepted increase the importance of research in the field of identifying and explaining consumer behavior. Due to this, the study aimed to identify technology acceptance models especially in an information technology field that concentrate on this issue and explain technology acceptance on different kind of systems. Finally, this study introduces the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology as a proper model that can be used in this scope. At the end, the variables of Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology are compared with variables of other types of technology acceptance model.

This study aimed to investigate the phenomenon of global warming and mapping scientific outputs of this field. This is a descriptive research with scientometrics approach. It has been conducted through co-word analysis and Social Network Analysis. The target population includes all Persian articles and theses indexed in IRANDOC and ISC database between 2004 and 2013. The data was analyzed by "Ravar Matrix", "SPSS", "UCINet" and "Net Draw". The results showed that the largest number of scientific article production was 56 in 2014 and the lowest number was 4 in 2004. The results also indicated that “University of Tehran”, “Ferdowsi University of Mashhad”, and “Tarbiat Modares University” were respectively the most prolific universities in the field of global warming phenomenon. Co-word network of global warming phenomenon consists of a main cluster and small ones. Core concepts in the context of global warming are: "Greenhouse gases, climate change, Temperature changes, vegetation, carbon dioxide, energy simulation, environmental pollutants, energy management, crops, carbon sequestration, economic evaluation, energy consumption, water resources management, general circulation model of the atmosphere, and building materials". Emerging themes include: "groundwater resources, water consumption, water efficiency, salinity, desertification, enhanced recovery, and emission trading".

In the present study, the situation of pistachio science (especially functional indicators) in Iran and the world are investigated. The total number of scientific articles which directly reported on pistachio was 989. 75.5% of scientific documents related to the scientific research papers which were published in valid scientific journals. The largest number of scientific articles, 773 articles or 53.6% of articles was in the field of agriculture. Most pistachio articles (129 articles) were published in 2011. Iran Pistachio Research Institute has published the highest number of scientific articles (90 articles equivalent to 10.7% of all articles). Iran, U.S. and Turkey having 34.6, 19.8 and 16.1% of the articles (70.5%) respectively, are the leaders of pistachio science producer in the world. Iran and USA with 34.6%, 19.8% and 16.1% (70.5% of pistachio science) are the first science producers of pistachio. Inventions in the field of pistachio science were 93 inventions that 61.3% of them have been recorded in the field of chemistry. 46.2% of inventions were in the field of instruments and 41.9% of them were in the field of food science and technology. The above results indicate that for keeping the country of the first rank in science production of pistachio, as well as a revival in pistachio production in competition with other countries, more effort is needed. Despite high scientific potential in the field of pistachio science, presence of only one specialized research institute, inadequate research funding, and low number of pistachio scientific members in the country, show clearly the gaps.