فهرست مطالب
Infection, Epidemiology And Medicine
Volume:2 Issue: 3, Summer 2016
- تاریخ انتشار: 1395/04/20
- تعداد عناوین: 8
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Pages 1-4BackgroundSalmonella enterica serovar typhi (S. typhi) the cause of the acute febrile disease typhoid fever is the major public health problem in developing countries. Asymptomatic carriers are the main sources of typhoid. The aim of this study was to investigate methods for isolation and identification of S. typhi in asymptomatic carriers.Materials And MethodsTwo hundred stool samples were collected from foodstuff workers and distributors. Then culture characterization, biochemical tests, and nested-PCR were done.ResultsOne hundred and seventy-one (85%) of the total cases were male and the mean age of cases was 35 years. Stool culture yielded bacterial colonies consistent with fecal flora but did not yield S. typhi. In nested PCR technique just one of the 200 samples (0.5%) was positive for the S. typhi capsular gene (vi gene).ConclusionDue to the improvement in the health status of the country and the low typhoid carriers, it is recommended that efforts be focused on other hygienic issues.Keywords: Salmonella typhi, Carrier state, vi gene
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Pages 5-7BackgroundLeptospirosis has been recognized as an important reemerging infectious disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. A major challenge of this disease is the application of a basic research to improve diagnostic method. Outer membrane proteins of Leptospira are potential candidates that could be useful in diagnosis. Among them the lipL41 is an immunogenic protein which is present only in pathogenic serovars. In order to evaluate genetic conservation of the lipL41 gene, we cloned and sequenced this gene from Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola.Materials And MethodsFollowing the DNA extraction from the serovar, the lipL41 gene was amplified and cloned into pTZ57R/T vector and transformed into the competent E. coli (Top10). Recombinant clones were confirmed by colony PCR and DNA sequencing. The related sequences were then analyzed and compared with the sequences in the Genbank database.ResultsPCR amplification of the lipL41 gene resulted in a 1065 bp PCR product. The PCR based on the lipL41 gene detected all the pathogenic reference serovars of the tested Leptospira spp. It was revealed that in Iran the homology of the lipL41 gene between vaccinal and clinical serovars of Canicola was 100%. It also showed >95.9% homology with other pathogenic serovars in Genbank database, which indicates genetic conservation of this gene.ConclusionBecause of the conservation of lipL41 gene among different strains of Leptospira and its exclusive presence in leptospira, it was revealed that the cloned gene could be further used as a good candidate for developing diagnostic methods such as ELISA and as positive control in diagnostic PCR.Keywords: Cloning, Leptospira, Outer membrane proteins, LipL41 gene
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Pages 8-13BackgroundThe main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of the main bacteria which are responsible forurinary tract, blood stream, cerebrospinal fluid, lower respiratory tract, and wound infections in Hamadan province in the west of Iran.Materials And MethodsIn this study,a total of 773 urinary tract, 273 blood stream, 13 cerebrospinal fluid, 408 respiratory tract, and 147 wound positive samples were collected from patients who referred toBesat hospital from April 2013 to October 2014.Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Modified Disk Diffusion Method (MDDM) against different classes of antibiotic.ResultsThe most common pathogens isolatedfrom urine tract, blood stream, cerebrospinal fluid, lower respiratory tract, and wound infections wereE. coli 425 (54.9%),S. aureus 68 (24.9%),Klebsiellaspp. 3 (23%), P. aeruginosa 110 (26.9%), and S. aureus 30 (20.4%) respectively.The overall prevalence of resistance to the antimicrobial agents testedin various clinical specimens is discussed in this study.ConclusionThe high resistancerate was observed in our study to most used antibiotics. Therefore, setting up a comprehensive surveillance systemis need to evaluate the distribution of organisms isolated and their drug resistance pattern over different period of time and place of Iran.Keywords: Antimicrobial susceptibility, Clinical infections, Hamedan, Iran
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Pages 14-19BackgroundMasske is a traditional Iranian butter made from yoghurt. The first aim of this study was to isolate and identify the nonlactic pathogenic microflora by culture and molecular methods of identification, and the second purpose was to identify genetic similarity of the isolated bacteria in Masske.Materials And MethodsIn order to detect pathogenic dominant indicator microorganisms, a number of 150 bacterial isolates from three Masske samples, which may comprise the repetitive isolates and could grow on appropriate media for Staphylococci and E.coli, were classified into 8 groups according to their phenotypic characterization followed by chemical tests. Then 2approximately similar isolates from each group were chosen (total 18 isolates; we selected 3 isolates from 2 groups of eight), and the sequencing of 16S rRNA gene was done for subsequent analysis.ResultsAmong 18 bacterial isolates, Staphylococcus hominis was the most frequently isolated species during the manufacture of Masske as the presence of this bacterium was confirmed in 14 out of 18 samples. Also, the presence of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli was identical across the samples (for each one, 2 out of 18).ConclusionOur results based on cultural and molecular methods suggest making some improvements to the hygiene of Masske manufacture due to the high population of minor pathogens.Keywords: Butter, Microbial safety, Pathogenic bacteria, Genetic similarity
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Pages 20-23BackgroundThis study was performed to determine antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) compared to voriconazole on clinical and standard strains of Aspergillus fumigatus.Materials And MethodsInhibitory potency of nano-Ag was determined using microtiter broth dilution method. Susceptibility tests were performed against A. fumigatus isolated from BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) of patients who suffered from respiratory problems and compared with the strain (ATCC: 204305) by broth dilution antifungal susceptibility test of filamentous fungi approved by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M38-A. In addition, cytotoxicity effect of silver nanoparticles was studied on epithelial cell line by MTT assay.ResultsFrom 60 BAL samples the following strains were isolated; A. flavus (n=21), A. niger (n=3), and A. fumigatus (n=1). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) values of nano-Ag were 0.25 and 0.5 μg.mL-1 for standard strain and clinical isolates respectively. The Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) values of nano-Ag were 0.5 and 1 μg.mL-1for standard strain and clinical isolates respectively. MIC90 values of voriconazole were 0.125 and 0.25 μg.mL-1 for standard strain and clinical isolate respectively. The MFC values of voriconazole were 0.25 and 0 μg.mL-1 for standard strain and clinical isolates respectively. Silver nanoparticles exhibited low cytotoxicity in 0.25 μg.mL-1 concentration.ConclusionOur results showed high antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles against Aspergillus isolates. Furthermore, the availability of a wide form of nano-Ag structures can be considered as novel agents to decrease fungal burden in medical application.Keywords: Aspergillus fumigatus, Silver nanoparticles, Cytotoxicity
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Pages 24-27BackgroundTrichomoniasis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted human disease that is caused by protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Metronidazole is the selective drug in trichomoniasis treatment. However, the reported cases show an increasing trend of drug resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of mango and blueberry extracts on T. vaginalis.Materials And MethodsT. vaginalis was cultured axenically in TYM (Trypticase Yeast Extract) medium supplemented with 10% bovine serum. The effect of mango and blueberry extracts at 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1000 μg.mL-1 on T. vaginalis was studied after 24 and 48 hours. The final numbers of parasite with a hemocytometer and Trypan blue were recorded. Then the value of IC50 [Half maximal inhibitory concentration] and the lethal percent were calculated. In the present study, the metronidazole was used as positive control. The IC50 value of metronidazole and tinidazole were calculated in the concentrations of 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16 and 0.32 μg.mL-1.ResultsThe final results confirmed the significant effect of all mango and blueberry extracts concentrations on the reduction of parasite numbers (P-valueConclusionBased on the obtained results, the different concentrations of mango and blueberry extracts have significant anti Trichomonas vaginalis activities. It is suggested carrying out further studies on suitable animal models.Keywords: Trichomonas vaginalis, Mangifera, Blueberry plant, Metronidazole, Tinidazole, Inhibitory concentration 50
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Pages 28-30BackgroundHealth care workers (HCWs) are at the risk of the acquisition of occupational transmissible diseases. Controversial results have been reported about hepatitis C virus (HCV). The main objective of the recent study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of HCV and its relationship to the occupational history and exposure of HCWs in two teaching hospitals in Tehran-Iran.Materials And MethodsA seroprevalence survey of HCV was conducted using serum samples obtained from 1400 HCWs in two teaching hospitals during 2012. The samples were screened by ELISA for the presence of anti-HCV antibodies.ResultsIn none of the participants the HCV antibody was detected. Needle stick injury was significantly higher among nurses. Younger HCWs with a shorter professional life had more frequent needle stick injury (pConclusionThe seroprevalence of HCV in HCWs was considerably lower than that reported in the general population, and needs to be evaluated on a larger scale.Keywords: HCV, Health Care Workers, Seroprevalence, Iran
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Pages 31-34BackgroundStaphylococcus aureus can cause infections with a wide spectrum of illnesses ranging from benign skin infections to bloodstream infection leading to mortality. Antimicrobial resistance especially methicillin resistance in S. aureus (MRSA strains) is currently problematic. The emergence of MRSA infections has developed in both the healthcare and the community settings. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of MRSA and SCCmec types in Iran according to the previously published studies.MethodsFor this review, the terms of MRSA, Iran, methicillin, mecA and SCCmec types were searched in searching engines including Google scholar, PubMed, SciVerse, and Scopus. Data from veterinary sources were excluded. Data were analyzed with Graph Pad Prism 6 considering meta-analysis section.ResultsAmong several studies and approximately of 1810 results, the prevalence of MRSA was determined as approximately 56.5%. In the year of 2015 and 2016, results exhibited a higher prevalence of MRSA (62.2%) compared to 2013 and 2014, although not exceeded from 46% in healthy individuals. Moreover, among the SCCmec types, the SCCmec Type III has been reported as the predominant type (60.48%) followed by Type IV (21.2%), Type I (17.72%), Type II (17.12%), and Type V (0.56%).ConclusionAccording to previous data, the prevalence of MRSA is increasing in Iran. However, it may be different for each year depending on several reasons. Moreover, the SCCmec Type III is the predominant type in the country. The SCCmec Type IV has also emerged in CA-MRSA isolates.Keywords: Iran, Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin resistance, Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec types