نشریه هفت شهر
پیاپی 47-48 (پاییز و زمستان 1393)

In recent decades, urban poverty has increased due to dramatic increase in household and housing costs in Iran. As a manifestation of this trend, sporadic settlements outside the planned developments and formal housing market have been mushroomed, lacking plans for services provision. The urban management often consider them as marginal. Based on statistical data, field sampling and systematic analysis, this paper re-evaluate the ongoing measures for slum delimitation in Qods City (located in Tehran metropolitan region). According to the urban development documents of the city, large percentage of existing residential areas is categorised as dilapidated areas as well as informal settlements. The findings of this study indicate that there are not much differences between these two categories, according to social, economic, physical and environmental criteria which are common in slum definition. In many cases, due to specific characteristics of housing in Qods City which is formed without plan, there is a large overlap between these two categories. On the other hand, based on the existing procedures, two separate documents are prepared for these two which their TORs and commissioned consultants are separate as well. Even the preparation and approval procedures are disconnected and in the case of execution, they will have odd and inefficient results. In addition, due to the absence of an inclusive unitary city plan, the uncoordinated and selective actions are rampant. Therefore, revising the current delimitation criteria for these two categories, considering their common cause of urban predicaments, is necessary. This will lead to one type called slum area which makes unified and coordinated action plans possible.

Urban space is the context of cultural interactions and urban living is the symbol and physical embodiment of cultural concepts. Historical context of cities in terms of having antiquity, the physical Heritage, appropriate lands for cultural performance is the most important physicalspatial context of cultural values. The historic context of Mashhad has also valuable elements which due to the pressures of urban development, the neglect of the historical context and museum viewpoint to the spaces and historical elements creates monuments independently and cut their links to the lives of people and the city. On the other hand the cultural symbols are to encourage cultural interaction and this spatial separation has been reduced people cultural interactions in historical context. Revival of activities and cultural events has appropriate role and situation in historical context regeneration. The main purpose of this article is to regenerate the historical context of Mashhad to link the cultural attractions through the creation of networks and the promotion of cultural interactions based on the idea of culture led regeneration. Culture is known as one of the main assets of city in this approach. Historical context of Mashhad has great development facilities because of its historical potentials and tourist attractions. The research method is descriptive-analytical and after presenting the theoretical basis, revision of Mashhad historical context documents and field studies analyze the problem. The findings show that the definition of a continuous network of urban spaces and activities in the historical context and in order to maintain and strengthen the city’s main backbone will provide the development of new infrastructure of Mashhad.

Tourist attractions, resources and other initial activities are not enough only for tourism development; but the planning and management of this section have a special importance. Planning in this section itself is one the most complex types of programs and because of its different economic, social and cultural aspects which have a close relationship with political environment and factors. Therefore, sustainable tourism development requires knowledge and attention to all aspects of this extensive activity. It should be noted that the boom in tourism activity, without thoughtful and long-term planning, not only does not lead to the development of a comprehensive and sustainable regions and countries, but also causes the erosion of resources, activities and aspects of human life and tourism gradually, and converts tourism to a threat for region sustainable development. Among the important historical cities of Iran, Yazd, due to the relative position and also having natural, historical and cultural attractions and being introduced as the world’s second largest adobe city of the international organization UNESCO, which has been considered as a unique opportunity to develop tourism that so far there has been little used and systematic management can accept different tourists. Thus, this study intends to take advantage of multiple opportunities in various aspects of tourism through explaining strategic planning and sustainable development principles of tourism using the case study method. The results of this study show that examining of tourist attractions and available facilities,weaknesses, opportunities and threats and then planning to develop them and relying on the strategic planning providing an appropriate framework for the development of tourism in the city and development and continuous use of cultural-historical situation in Yazd, strengthened the city’s face as a tourist destination at national and international levels.

One of the basic needs of human being is to live in security which can be substantially realized in urban space. Sense of security consists in a variety of factors in a city, so an attempt is made in this research to recognize and introduce influential physical-spatial criteria in the security of urban space. Over time, many theories upheld the measures and programs, and one of the most recent and practical is “crime prevention through environmental design” (CPTED). The aim of the research is to identify criteria and standards by which we are able to prevent crime. In this paper, we briefly address the theories laid down by experts concerning defendable space in many physical and social aspects. In what follows, CPTED approach is addresses and we then turn our focus toward its different aspects. In the end, using the opinions of people residing in the study area (Abak Neighborhood located in District 1 in Tehran), causes of security decrease are investigated through a questionnaire based on CPTED approach. The research method of the present study is analytic and documentary which address the approach and mechanism of its efficiency in urban environments.

One of the main characteristics of environment-human relationship is a sense of belonging to place, which plays a crucial role in making him remain there. A sense of belonging to place among residents of historic area makes it sustain in a variety of aspects. Noghan Neighborhood situated in a area near the Imam Reza Shrine in Mashhad lies within the area of rehabilitation and renovation. Considering the significance of a sense of belonging to place as an important factor influencing the regeneration of old neighborhood, the study attempts to identify and offer factors associated with a sense of belonging for residents and pilgrims living in the Noghan Neighborhood (as an integral part in the regeneration). The research method is qualitative and its practical process consists in the use of an open questionnaire and observation. The results of the research suggest that Imam Reza Shrine in the vicinity of this neighborhood is the most important factor influencing a sense of belonging; because of the power of such environmental factor over time, the understanding of residents have been affected, which extends their duration of residence and bring them satisfaction. Other environmental and individual factors influencing the sense of belonging are in the next ranks compared to this factor.

The present article explores the vitality of distressed area and develops criteria for their evaluation and promotion. The criteria include diversity, access, security and comfort, which are classified into fourteen sub-criteria; time diversity, diversity of activities, diversity of use, diversity of area, diversity of classes, climatic comfort, waste collection and transfer system,welfare facilities, access to public transport, stationary traffic, width of streets, roadways, sufficient lighting, and sidewalks. They are used as measures of Shiva’s vitality (through questionnaire and observation). In the next phase, the obtained results are processed through factor analysis technique by SPSS software program and five factors promoting vitality in distressed area were identified; that is, the fabric of Shiva Neighborhood is poor in terms of vitality. Additionally, it was made clear that the width of street is the most important and welfare facilities are the least important components of vitality promotion in the worn-out fabrics, and diversity is the most important factor increasing vitality, as the weakness in access is the most important factor decreasing it. Factors obtained from factor analysis include that physical and functional diversity, connection network, urban services and network, quantitative and qualitative features of streets, peace; their contribution shrink in promoting vitality from 1 to 5, respectively. In addition, it became evident that diversity of time and activity have the highest quality, as welfare facilities and width of street have the lowest quality in Shiva Neighborhood from citizens’ perspective; meanwhile, width of street and sidewalks are the most important indicators in the promotion of vitality in the fabric of Shiva Neighborhood.

Translators: Elahe Saki - Sanaz Fanaei Resiliency is an emerging concept in urban design which fosters new thinking about designing less vulnerable and more flexible cities. From Chicago and San Francisco which recovered from big fires in the nineteenth century, Berlin and Beirut which survived wars in the twentieth century, and New Orleans which - in the face of its geologic and hydrologic limitations - is re-emerging from the Hurricane Katrina in the twenty-first century, to vibrant pockets of everyday urbanism observed in Istanbul, Mumbai and New York, resilient cities manifest the saga of survival, governance, sustainability, adaptability and flexibility. Rooted in ecology, resiliency incorporates environmental considerations into urban design. Both disciplines find resiliency a potent metaphor for understanding ecosystems and cities. Metaphors such as resiliency, tree, or organism stress the nature of the city as a “living thing”. Ecologists typically study both what causes organisms to survive extreme environmental conditions, and what causes them to fail or perish. Just as ecologists think about the persistence of resilient organisms and ecosystems against environmental threats, urban designers think about the benefits of resilient cities captured by new models including “the Photosynthetic City,” “the Renewable Energy City,” “the Eco-efficient City,” “the Carbon Neutral City,” and “the Place-Based City”. In these models resiliency ranges from increasing efficiency by producing energy from waste, wind, and sun; decreasing reliance on oil, consumption of nonrenewable resources, and carbon emissions; decentralizing water and power grids; and water recycling to localizing economic development initiatives and promoting green jobs. The degree to which urban designers can draw inspirations from ecology depends on the two key elements cities and organisms have in common: recovery from “disaster” or “illness” and “absorbing change”. Recovery from approach. The research method of the present study is analytic and documentary which address the approach and mechanism of its efficiency in urban environments.

Non-governmental organizations (NGO) can help to develop public spaces in the society, turn into part of development paradigm in the society, develop space of public trust in the society, and help to shrink government (municipality). They also can contribute to environmental challenges. Non-governmental organizations are able to align people with municipalities as well as implementing programs tailored to the needs of citizens; therefore, considering the significance of the research subject with the aim of applying non-governmental organizations in the administration of urban affairs as an integral element of urban planning, we deal with the institutional challenges to sustainable urban regeneration. The results suggest that the role of NGOs is inevitable in all areas of society; however, failure to use non-governmental groups in different areas of national planning has its root in history, the causes of which can be explored in three factors—sovereignty, people, and international system. The most important challenges to failure to apply non-governmental organizations in the field of urban planning are found to be weakness in private and public sector from the viewpoint of authorities, formation of asocial and negative look at non-governmental organizations, severe politicization of policy making environment, and making decision about urban affairs, etc. In order to achieve urban regeneration in cooperation with non-governmental institutions, the way authorities look at these institutions should change in the first place, and non-governmental organizations are recognized as new actors in the field of urban development and planning, and legally speaking anoperational position rather than theoretical is specified for them in the field of urban planning and policy making.

Considering concepts such as emphasize on the role of the all stakeholders in urban Regeneration, is one of the important and fundamental principles. This is important because in most cases, the private sector, government and municipal are considered more in process of intervention in distressed area and play a key role in this situation. But the role of people is often considered minor. Empowerment of residents, gain their trust, increasing belonging to neighborhoods and generally capacity building for residents is one of the main cases to realize urban regeneration that the framework of sustainable urban regeneration refers to that and this despite the fact that the concept of capacity building as totally spontaneous and popular has formed and is running in our country. This means that there is imperative of introducing capacity building concept intheoretical and practical way in our country there. Home librarian Monirieh neighborhoods of Tehran, is a prime example of capacity building in the community, which aims to empower people and increase their sense of belonging which has been formed neighborhood and their city. Surveying these samples, important and positive role has been known in creating sustainable community capacity building. This role can make opportunities in the community (in parallel with) and can be effective with recognition of its needs. What is very important is a strong correlation between the employment and wider activities in making capacity of the community. However, making capacity is not anurgent action, but essential and integral part of local development sustainable approach is resolving neighborhood problems. As mentioned in this article, Librarian House sample is comparable with foreign capacity building sample in many aspects; therefore it is suggested that based on the its principlesandin order to realize to “The National Document of Sustainable Urban Regeneration”, it is necessary to prepare appropriate context for developing similar models of the Librarian House of Monirieh Tehran in other neighborhoods. 173 Investigating the role of Capacity Building in Sustainable ÔãÇÑå 48 - 47 disaster or illness in a city or an organism conjures up two options: reverting back to a previous status or pursuing a preferred option. The former represents an “equilibrium” model associated with capacity building and reaching normalcy. Exposure to natural and human-made disasters has prompted the need to reduce vulnerability by increasing safety and adaptability in the city. Post-disaster recovery reconstruction efforts tend to mitigate risk and reduce vulnerability through capacity building. In a “non-equilibrium” model, however, the goal is to promote “flexibility” rather than reduce “vulnerability.” Accordingly, in the spring of 2008, a group of University of Cincinnati planning students explored resiliency in downtown Cincinnati. This research discerns three areas in downtown Cincinnati for adapting to new conditions. These areas grow, thrive, and develop over time based on their internal logic. Resiliency here transcends its typical post-disaster recovery normalcy observed in an equilibrium model, and represents forms that can adapt to short-range, midrange, or long-range change within a nonequilibrium model. Infrastructure includes the areas subject to long-range change, whereas areas subject to mid-range change include public spaces, while areas subject to short term change consist of temporary urban spaces. These three areas embody the physical and social aspects of flexibility described above.