فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 19، بهار 1395)

Media plays a significant role in controlling and managing disasters. Social media although very new in comparison with mass media, has a great stand in natural disaster management. Extensive presence of such media in Iran, as well as a growing wave of number of users in Tehran and their significant role in disaster management were reasons for the present study to recognize the impacts and role of social media in disaster management of possible earthquake in Tehran.
The method of this research is theory based and studied population included 10 managers and experts in the field of disaster and social media were selected through theoretical sampling. In-depth interviews were used to collect data and analysis tool was qualitative coding.
Findings: In this research, finding classified into three general groups related to social media role in disaster management of possible earthquake in Tehran. The first part was role of social media in disasters which classified into 5 general categories as Training and public awareness, information dissemination, directing and leadership, cohesion and information monitoring and control. Following that managerial requirements in usage of social media in disasters have been extracted. This includes five key requirements such as improvement of communication infrastructure, targeted planning, building trust, need assessment and response and rescue and relief. Finally, managerial challenges and social media in the usage of this kind of media entitled governance structural challenge, security challenge, space management and public opinion control and other challenge as users anonymity determined and paradigm model has been drown.
According to finding of this research, managerial challenges in macro-levels, communication infrastructure and current situation of social media in Iran as well as vast usage of social media in disaster management of possible earthquake in Tehran, at present situation in different dimensions face serious problems and challenges.

Need for shelter after disasters is the major challenge for governments, humanitarian agencies and most importantly of all for the affected people. After the seasonal rainfall in 2010 in Pakistan, one of the worst floods in its history and one of the major disasters of human society in the last century were occured. Following the emergency response in the rehabilitation phase “one room shelter approach” was proposed by organizations supporting people. These shelters were originally designed for temporary housing, but if they want, they could extend and use as a permanent shelter. In 2010, five different types of these shelters were built in the south of Pakistan. The aim of this study is to review and identify the features of these low-cost shelters that is built with the knowledge and Aboriginal art.
This study reviews documents, literature and written texts and also the internet database in order to understand methods of constructing “one room shelters”. The procedure of this study began with gathering a lot of information about emergency and rehabilitation phase and then it concentrated on ways to achieve one room shelters.
Findings: The results of this research are classified into two parts: The first part is a brief review about 2010 Pakistan flood and emergency response phase; in the second part, it will be discussed about the organizing phase and identifying different types of one-room shelters in detail.
Features such as the type and scale of the incidents, the need for shelter and the effects of disasters on resources and the local economy require the necessity of using local solutions for the temporary or permanent shelter. Some features of shelters such as being economical, flood resistant, applying local materials and skills in implementation, Training families to rebuild and repair their homes in the future floods are features that were taught from this method and it can be used for similar situations.

Despite passing over three decades of basic research on resilience, but this concept lacks a comprehensive and operational understanding in the various scientific fields including disaster management. Many existing contradictions on the meaning of resilience arises from cognitive tendencies, methodological approaches and conceptual basic differences, as well as the views which focus on researches in ecological, social or a combination of both systems. So, the present study reviews and analyzes concepts, indicators and frameworks of resilience in disaster management.This study is a review study that Library and internet various resources were used. And a total of 136 articles finds and reviews, and valid documentation 77 related articles were extracted and analyzed.
This is a review study that the library and internet documents and resources were used. 77 relevant articles from a total of 136 articles were reviewed and analyzed.
Findings: According to the study, all of the definitions of the resiliency are indicated on the importance of continuing research towards creating operational definitions of resilience, resilience recognition as a complex structure in which individuals, families, organizations, based on the spatial and temporal conditions as well as the level of development and culture of a society have various degrees of resilience. Among the conceptual approaches, the two approaches of stability and recovery have a certain conception of resilience so that they considered the resiliency of a society (individual or ecological system) as an inherent characteristic that enables it to be accommodated with an operating pressure factor or not. But in the third approach i.e. The resiliency as a transition, the difference between social and ecological resilience becomes clear.
This study, according to the different dimensions of resilience definitions in the field of natural disasters, according to the many studies, accepted the definition of Carpenter et al (2001) as a more appropriate and practical definition. The combination of evaluation model of Haitian resilience and ResilUS framework -"resiliency center of United States", that is based on measurable aspects of social capital, operating multi-dimensional resiliency, the scale of hierarchy - family, business, neighborhood and society in relation to a wide range of decision variables and politics and support each other in every scale, are the best framework for measuring the resiliency of disaster-stricken communities.

Using of future research methods can be one of the best methods for optimal management in a future in which a disaster may happen at any moment. In this regard, in order to reduce losses caused by the earthquake, it will be prepared to encounter with it by help of future research. The present study tries to reduce the effects of earthquake by establishing a logical and applied relationship between types of future in future research and a recurring period of disasters in disaster management.
This is a comparison research that data was gathered by library method. In this research, at first, future research documents will be studied and the main attention is focused on the future types in it. On the other hand, principle issues of disaster management will be studied.
Findings: For the future type of earthquake in terms of time before the end of the return period more than 50 years, the type of future is not defined. If 50 to 20 years was left it is long term, if 20 to 5 years was left it is medium term, if 5 to 1 years was left it is short term and if one year was left it is near future and according to possibility occurrence it is possible in all scenarios. After the return period the type of future is near and the possibility of occurrence is inevitable that Rey area is located in this period.
To make a logical relationship between types of future in future research and recurrence of disasters in disaster management, three different states were considered. These three states have been defined post-return period considering whether there is over or less than 50 years left to the end of the return period. In this study, the earthquake of Tehran or Shahr-e-Rey is considered as future in post-return period, near and inevitable, so with this belief that the disaster may happen at any moment, management measures must be prepared every year and it must continue every year and only the related information should be updated. In post-return period, the management focus is on preparedness, including immediate and emergency actions and rescue operations.

Drought hazard is one of the environmental phenomena that mainly is due to climate change. In fact, this is one of the main periodic features of different geographical regions. This phenomenon has a great impact on all aspects of human activities in urban and rural areas.
The method of this study is developmental - applied and with the aim to determine frequency and severity of droughts in Yazd province, examines this issue. It should be noted that required information has been collected for zoning drought in Yazd province in cooperation with related organizations such as Meteorological site and Statistical Center of Iran and by using spatial approach, information reviewed and data analyzed.
Findings: It should be mentioned that about 50 percent of this paper consists of research findings. In this regard, with the help of TOPSIS model and use of rainfall normal indices and annual index, Coefficients and weights of drought index calculated and rainfall intensity determined. The results according to TOPSIS model indicated that in terms of humidity and temperature factors, station of Nir city is the driest station. Also, normal and annual rainfall indices demonstrated that Meibod and Khatam Stations respectively are in normal and very high drought conditions.
In conclusion of the present research, based on the rainfall average index, only Meibod is in normal condition and Katam, Yazd, Mehriz, Taft, Saduq, Abarkouh and Ardakan stations respectively are in severe drought conditions. Also, according to annual moderate index, Saduq, Abarkouh, Ardakan, Bafg and Tabas stations are in a state of moderate drought and Meibod and Bahabad stations respectively are in mild and normal drought conditions. In conclusion, considering regional drought and variations in rainfall is very essential for planning and environmental studies.

The occurrence of natural hazards has a devastating impact on human settlements and makes heavy casualties on their residents. They have destroyed man made and existing infrastructures and remains extensive damages and economic and social effects. District 20 of Tehran due to its geology conditions is encountered with a variety of natural disasters especially earthquake. This study aims to provide strategies for improving the seismic disaster management in district 20.
In this study, during a three-stage process, after inserting the data we made an attempt to form an evaluation matrix of internal and external factors. We used the results obtained from this stage to form a matrix of internal and external of SWOT. And finally, using the quantitative strategic planning matrix, we tried to prioritize strategies and subsequently we chose the best strategy to improve the seismic disaster management in district 20.
Findings: Factor O3 namely retrofitting buildings located on the nearby faults was recognized as the most important factor in the internal and external evaluation matrices. The situation of seismic disaster management in district 20, based on the matrix, is defensive, which is the primary factor for improving the district’s disaster management.
WT2 strategy that is to secure the residential textures located on the nearby faults and to widen city streets, especially in unstable urban regions for faster relief actions during an earthquake is the most important factor for improving and promoting seismic disaster management of the area. WT3 and WT1 strategies are the next priorities.

Extreme floods are the most common type of natural disaster in Europe. It is projected that future floods may be exacerbated by the effects of climate change. The concept of managing rather than preventing floods is now being recognized as an effective approach and is engrained in both national and European policy. The use of effective flood warnings and communication is an essential cornerstone of flood risk management. Uncertainty is also a key aspect of effective flood risk management. The concept of "interpretive uncertainty", defined as the differences in how people understand and interpret information, is emerging as a significant component in flood risk management and is the focus of this paper. The study involved extensive quantitative research of at-risk communities in four case study areas across Ireland, exposed to pluvial, fluvial and coastal risks as part of the ERA-Net CRUE UR-.flood project. Approximately 2,200 postal questionnaires were administered across the four case study areas, with 436 returns; a response rate of 20 %. From an analysis of these results, the paper identifies barriers and obstacles to effective flood risk communication, focusing on before and during flood experiences such as risk perception, flood preparedness, information and warnings, communication methods and reacting to warnings. From these findings, recommendations are made on how these obstacles can be overcome.