نشریه نشاء علم
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 11، دی 1394)

Iran’s Perspective Document for the year 1404 emphasizes the knowledge-based system approach. In line with this document, we have had the incorporation of science into the development programs of the country and many of the factors for knowledge-based development such as establishing research and development centers, developing science and technology parks, increasing the GDP share of research and promoting higher education have been taken into consideration. To find a way out of economic problems, we have no other choice than establishing knowledge-based system in the country. Hence, we should strive to make these systems flourish. The development of knowledge-based system includes employing wise, ethical and skilled human resources, international branding, creating dynamic capabilities, culture cultivation and facilitating laws and regulations. Possessing wise and skilled human resources is the key to the progress of every country. International branding helps systems to expand their vision and enter into the regional and global markets. The achievements to global markets need great experiences, existence of simple and transparent supportive laws, cooperative environment, good policy, advanced political development and highly qualified export property. Creating dynamic capabilities is another task for knowledge-based system. Dynamic capability is to have the capacity to rearrange and develop internal and external competencies to adapt to sudden changes in the environment. The culture of the society greatly affects the rate of the emergence of knowledge-based system. Designing, making and implementing effective policies in the field of knowledge-based system can delineate clear goals and plans toward the advancement of the country.

Scientometrics is one of the most common methods of evaluating scientific and research activities. Scientometrc has many aspects such as production, promotion and use of scientific information and does not belong to the scope of a particular field. Many pioneers introduce the investigation of processes in scientific research as the more effective science management method. In this paper, in addition to conventional scientometrc indicators, new indexes will be also considered. For a closer examination of the scientific activities in each country, it would better to use the indigenous indicators. Here, the indigenous indicators such as Research Assessment Exercise and Research Excellence Framework in England, Crown Factor in Netherland and Citation Z Scores in Sweden were mentioned. Moreover, the Leiden Ranking, sponsored by Thomson Reuter’s database, will be introduced. The difference with the rest of the ranking system is to pay more attention to impact and collaboration aspects.

Pseudoscience is a claim, belief, or practice which is presented as scientific, but which does not adhere to a valid scientific methodology. Since the spread of this phenomenon, scientists have tried to determine the criteria, to distinguish between science and pseudoscience. While the standards for distinction between the both can vary from field to field, but the basic concept is that all test results must be reproducible on cause and effect and is able to confirm each other. Falsifiable and the ability to reject a hypothesis is another way to distinguish science from pseudoscience. Pseudoscience form based on the non-testable and irrefutable theory. Today, plagiarism and research misconduct that led to retraction of a published scientific ar¬ticle can be a type of pseudoscience. In addition, forging and falsification of data that will disturb the integrity of scientific papers, and have irreparable damage in the medical field is also pseudoscience. Academic pseudoscience in their appearance, such as science, but in reality, lacks its underlying substance. It makes it difficult to distinguish between science and pseudoscience. According to the development of pseudoscience in today’s world, it is essential to critical thinking as engaged, skillful, judgmental assessment to be included in the education system.

The speed of scientific research makes it important for researches to reach the field of publications in order to stay up to date with the vast majority provides information and scientific results. Therefore, as the idea of the new articles have started to work and review articles in the field of biosciences and medical science publications. The purpose of this type of article is reviewing articles with particular emphasis on those ones that have been published in the last two years. As a topic which is divided into separate sections, each of them will be reviewed once a year. These groups of articles will help the authors by providing clear and understandable comments of experts about recent advances on certain fields and providing the most fascinating review of published articles in the most prestigious publications. In fact, what can be said about these articles is that the flow of new ideas is invaluable as a source of the most up to date information for researchers, lecturers, professors and researchers. These articles do not focus only on the author’s own work, but also they are used to write about the scientific achievements of other researchers. Of course, readers of these articles are a range of people such as students, faculty members, researchers and businesses, so, these issues should have a comprehensive overview in the field of printing.

In this new century, many countries not only focus on research in science and technology, but also dedicate time and resources to the improvement of science education in schools and universities. Many authors and researchers worldwide argue that achieving scientific literacy for all students is one of the main goals of science education. Scientific literacy has become an internationally well-recognized educational slogan, buzzword, and cultivating and raising students’ scientific literacy in the different disciplines has become the philosophy of science education worldwide. The usual reason proffered is the increasing impact of science and technology on citizen’s everyday life and needs to sustainable development. This paper explores global viewpoints on the state of science and technology education, and nature of scientific literacy, theoretical framework and fundamental aspects of scientific literacy.

Science and technology diplomacy is one of the most important issues of science and technology policy. Science and technology diplomacy is step to connect science and technology to foreign policy and diplomacy for the development of science and technology and trying to use science and technology to diplomatic goals. More than two decades ago and does quotation science and technology diplomacy, in this time, science and technology based approaches to diplomacy. In this study attempts to examine the experiences and approaches of different countries in the field of Science and technology diplomacy and the introduction of active centers in this area, expressed Indicators of new approaches to science and technology diplomacy. In the following, the Islamic Republic of Iran to implement policies and programs in science and technology diplomacy and use of this tool for the development of science and technology and the political development and finally offered suggestions for improving this field.

In this age that is named the age of communication, the traditional view on science is being challenged by the new tools such as media. Today, science journalism has a special place and specialized journalism in different fields of science is the urgent need of the society. Issues of the society can be raised through the lens of this type of journalism. Science journalists act as a bridge between science and society. In this paper, the need of society to science journalismis explained. The goal is to acquaint the society with the importance of science journalism and its role and paying serious attention to science journalism as a link to connect science and society. This study seeks to answer this question; what is the role of science journalists in promoting knowledge of the society? In this study descriptive analytical method has been used. Due to specializationof science, each field of science has its own special language or jargon. In order to narrow the gap between professionals and the public, science journalists play the role of a mediator and actually expand the boundaries of science in order to promote knowledge of the society. The surveys show thatscience journalism is away from what it is and what out to be.

Personalized medicine is the design of a medical treatment protocol based on individual characteristics of each patient. However, it does not involve design and production of a new drugs or medical devices for each individual. Rather, it targets categories of subpopulations that demonstrate different responses to a particular disease or a drug. The differences among individuals are based on clinical data, omics sciences and bioinformatics, which make possible early detection of a disease by screening populations and identifying the high-risk individuals for a specific disease and designing an individual-based treatment protocol. It is well-established that some drugs have no therapeutic benefit in certain populations because of their genetic makeup. Using the genetic and genomic characteristics, personalized medicine provides the best drug selection and dosing protocol for individual patients to achieve the desired treatment outcome. This is an effective way to reduce the time and the cost of clinical trials, side effects and to provide clinical care and treatment based on a patient’s genetic content and molecular biology analysis. Therefore personalized medicine provides more effective, safer and higher quality of medical treatment with minimum side effects to the individual patient.

The 0.4 ° C increment in earth’s average temperature from 1975 to 2000 has certified the researchers that the earth global warming has been started. Atmosphere will enable to hold water vapor up to 6 percent, just by 1 ° C rising in the temperature. This matter provides more deficiency of available fresh water for earth residents. These changes and climate system instability make the widespread and unexpected changes in the earth’s environment. The increment of El Niño events from the mid-eighties of the twentieth century and the occurrence of “heat island effect” in many urban areas, will follow by increasing 4 to 5 ° C in heat temperature. Any changes in the world’s climate can create a wide range of human health. The involvement of large human populations in abnormal situations by extreme weather events, and their encounter with risk of heat stress, lack of water and improper nutrition lead them to adverse changes in physiological condition and increased risk of chronic and serious diseases such as diabetes. The need to avoid from adverse conditions has been caused the influx of rural to urban and their adoption of modern industrial life. Cities high population, the formation of crowded slums and suburbs without suitable facilities, inadequate or improper nutrition, lack of urban infrastructure such as adequate green space, public transport systems, health facilities, direct and indirect contamination of air, water and resources, lack of physical mobility considered as the consequence events of this inauspicious migration. These are all destructive factors for activation of undesirable biological pathways and potential diabetes formation. In this paper, these factors and their impact on the population of diabetic patient were surveyed and discussed in details.

Systems biology is the study of systems of biological components. Further, the science of combining these components is known as synthetic biology. These components, prior to diverging into different evolutionary pathways, must be thoroughly and properly understood in order to facilitate this transformation suitably. As a field with many positive implications for society, there are many research endeavors underway to expand upon this idea and achieve this purpose. For example, in comparison to other fields of biology, research into plant sciences such as cytogenetic studies or aneuploidy disorders, was very innovative and revolutionary. These studies frequently involved plants because they are genetically more tolerant, but in the animal kingdom, these are rare. Electronic plants are a newly discovered way of studying some aspects of biological systems. Xylem, leaves, veins, and signals of the plant are four key components of signal transduction responsible for growth regulators and other essential activities. Through the electronic plant and its integrated circuits, one can envision many applications including precision recording, regulation of physiology

Historically, several species of medicinal Leeches were used for hirodotherapy. The present article, review the history, biology, therapy and Hirudiculture. Three species of medicinal Leeches including, Hirudo medicinalis, H. verbana and H. orientalis were mostly applied in the traditional medicine. It is worth mentioning that Hirudo orientalis is the Iranian medicinal Leech which was described by Utevesky and Trontelj ) (2005). Medicinal Leech affected the life of several people such as Hitler, Napoleon and George Washington. The secret of Leech is due to the effect of different kind of enzyme which enters the blood during the bloodsucking period. The natural population of Leeches is endangered to extinction, as a result of overexploitation. In addition, there is always possibility of disease transfer by infected Leeches. To overcome these problems, Leech farm of the College of Science, University of Tehran was established. In order to standardize the Leech farming, distribution, captivity, therapy, safety, and terminate used Leeches, a steering committee is launched by members of involved organizations.

We constantly expose to inhalation or contact with the constituent chemicals of perfumes, aromatic fragrances and colognes in cosmetics and detergents. Fragrances are one the most common causes of many sensitivity of the skin, eyes and respiratory system. Independent studies on the used chemicals to generate fragrances indicate the adverse effects of these chemicals on the activity and function of hormones, such as thyroid hormonal dysregulation. In this paper, we explain about secret chemicals that used in fragrances industry. review of results and investigations about allergy and hormonal disorders is provided. Typical use of these chemicals as well as their adverse effects and their alternatives for reducing possible adverse effects are discussed.