مجله علمی پزشکی جندی شاپور
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 101، خرداد و تیر 1395)

The word of university in known meaning is a center for high teaching. Certainly, this level of teaching and following improvement of knowledge requires some equipment and rules that every university needs in order to be a university. In comparison with Haran, Alexandria, Nosaibin, Antakya and Edessa, Jundi- Shapour is the only scientific center that includes cultural aspects a university. The present paper primarily indicates five characters of university. Then, we will try to show Why Jundi- Shapour is the first university in the world?

University and hospital of jundishapour, located in a city with the same name in southwest of Iran was built by Shapour I, the king of Sassanid dynasty as greatest scientific center in ancient world. It was one of the main scientific centers during the Sassanid kingdom and after them in Islamic era for centuries and was a civilization gate from ancient Iran to Islamic period. Building scientific centers and teaching hospitals in Islamic era were based on this center as a template and also with transferring Jundishapours’ physicians to Baghdad. But, some researchers doubt the existence of such center in Jundishapour because of lack of information about it until al-Qiftie’s writings in 13th century AD. In this regard, they are answered in this paper with considering the evidences in Islamic and Sassanid Pahlavic documents and also because of no any replacement for Jundishapour as template for building hospitals and research centers in Islamic era.

The School of Jundi-Shapur has played a very valuable role in ancient history of Iran, especially in the Sasanid period. Many documents testify the glory of Sasanian advanced institution in the Scientific fields : philosophy, astronomy and medicine.The University of Jundi-Shapur lost its support of Sasanid government when the Muslims came to Iran, but continued to its work by the efforts of professors and student. And until the mid- third century A.H ,that academic center has been run by prominent families and Iranian scientists. Medicine flourished again, after Muslims had considered to it. Jundi-Shapur was considered as the heritage of scientific and cultural civilization of Iran and even the heritage of world civilization and didnt recognize any rival for itself with the exception of the Old Alexandria Medical School. Finally this academic center, transferred its scientific and cultural treasury to the medical center of Baghdad and served a worthy service to world of Islam.

Jundishapur university that history of its activity returns back to pre – Islamic era, still at the peak of its glory and fame remained while with the rise of Islam and starred as the most effective factor of emergence and growth of Islamic medicine, so that introduced this center as the Islamic medicine arose of medical tradition jundishapur and made outstanding doctors and renown students at this scientific and medicine university. In that field, the effective role of Abbasid caliphate cannot be overemphasized as the supporters of jundishpur doctors .Because the fall of Umayyad dynasty and the rise of the Abbasid marked the new history, scientific and cultural changes at the Islam civilization, that characterized by the presence of Iranian managers at the first era of Abbasid from 750- 845 A.D. This research aims examining and explained the role Iranians doctors in the transfer scientific medicine discipline as inheritors at jundishapur medicine to the Islamic arena.

In Sasanian epoch, in the city of Gondēšāpur in Xuzestān, a medicine school and a hospital were built which in the shadow of Sasanian’s political and economic supports they became so flourished that Gondēšāpur was sometimes called the “city of Hippocrates”. In the tradition of Gondēšāpur medicine, Greek, Indian, Syriac and Iranian medical knowledge and treatment methods were mixed and Gondēšāpur physicians kept old medicine heritage of Gondēšāpur and presented it to Muslims. Gondēšāpur physicians of families such as Bōḵtišu and Māsavayh having an excellent medical background in their homeland, were the physicians of caliphs and nobles of Abbāsīd caliphate for more than two centuries. They were also pioneer translators of Greek, Iranian, Indian and Syriac old texts of medicine, astrology, philosophy and other foreign knowledge into Arabic. “Islamic medicine”, which sometimes erroneously is called “Arabic medicine”, is really indebted to old heritage of Gondēšāpur physicians who like a bridge made Muslims familiar with the traditions of Greek, Siryan, Iranian and Indian medicine and in Baghdād, the capital of Abbāsīdcalliphate, they presented all their valuable medical knowledge and experience to Muslims.In this paper, adopting a descriptive/ analytic approach, the role of Gondēšāpur physicians of the house of Māsavayhin transferring powerful tradition of Gondēšāpur medicine to Islamic world and in flourishing Islamic medicine will be studied.

Jundishapur as one of centers in ancient times, Apart from teaching, education science and authored the book, a center for translation, collection and archiving academic (Medicine, philosophy, astronomy and ...), The ancient world. One of the courses that the university was established during the reign of Khosrow Anushiravan, wisdom and philosophy. He collected philosophical texts from India and Rome, always argument sessions of debate with a Persian philosopher and Greek and Hindi respectively. These Factors resulted in Jundishapur student's familiarity with philosophy and wisdom, and gradually excellence in the science. Such that with the advent of Islam in Iran, breeding survivors Jundishapur such as: Bakhtyashu family, family Nobakhat and John son Masuyeh with teaching, authoring and translation of philosophical texts, Had a large role in transmitting the wisdom of the ancient world to the Islamic world. In this paper, citing sources and descriptive- analytical methods has been Jundishapur the role of scientists in the Islamic world is to transfer the wisdom of the ancient world.

The relation between human and world has made philosophers believe that what exists in the world, can be seen in human as well. According to this old relation, human is called microcosm and the world macrocosm. Traces of this relation can be found in the Middle Persian texts. In the Third Book of the Denkard which is called the Mazdean Encyclopaedia, this relation is referred in frame of two similies. In this article these two similies are treated in details.

Iranian during History have always had significant role at formation and promotion of their eras science. Meanwhile Medicine in Iran has and old History. The information in Avesta, Zoroastors holy book, about medicine has been an explanation about Iranian special concentration on this science. From the time befor establishing of Achaemenian kingdom, there is no valid information about Iranian Medicine. Specifically, under the Achaemenids, Darius I Achaemenid founded the Medical School in Sais. In Sassanid period with the establishment of Gondishapur University and acquaintance with Greek literature, Roman and Syriac and Hindi, Iranian Scientific movement was formed. During this period, Gondishapur University hosts were great Scientists in the fields of Medicine, Pharmacy, Philosophy, Mathematics, Astronomy and Translation. The Science center, with the collapse of the Sassanid dynasty and the coming of Islam to Iran survived. The findings of this paper indicate that the greatest achievement Science Center Gondishapur, transfer of knowledge, including Physicians and Pharmacists to Islamic period. In this paper the History of Medicine and Pharmacy in Iran's pre-Islamic period until the third century higri, the library method has been studied.

Jundishapur city along with scientific center, founded in early years of Sassanid rule by kings of this dynasty. Due to the good attitude that Sassanid have towards Iranian non – Iranian and different Iranian science, this center became as a place of interactions of ideas and dock of cultures of Iranians. One of the important parts of Jundishapur University was its educational – health center with its major installations and discipline and various methods that expert physicians have employed. Accordingly, at the foundations of the city and scientific center of Jundishapur, medical knowledge and Greek, Indian, Syriac and Persian treatments methods have been combined together and the medical tradition of Jundishapur developed under the auspices of Sasanid rule. This study via the information and documents and with a descriptive - analytical method is looking to answer the questions that how was the structure and internal organization of this largest treatment center in the ancient world and how was the role of Iranian and non-Iranian in the prosperity of this center. Accordingly, demographics of physicians, scientists and scholars of Jundishapur was the major cause of addressing this issue.

By Understanding the past history of the people can better understand the present and build a better future. The ancient land of Iran, which has thousands of years of culture and civilization has had a significant role in human development. . In the Parthian period, the main basis of their architectural traditions and principles of the Party in the camps of nomadic tribes, the Sassanid created art that were matched in terms of the greatness of the Roman and Byzantine art. Best practices on building roof square, Iranian and Western architecture belonging to the Sassanid architecture is established, which is indeed one of the major scientific centers of the ancient world called Jundishapur. Jundishapur dating back to the fourth or fifth century AD and is involved in over six centuries Jundishapur name has been synonymous with scientific centers in various fields. Architecture of Jundishapur City Plan is combinations of ancient civilizations. This city was on the principles of Greek architecture, especially the architectural style of Hippodamus. This is a special style layout of the 5th century BC were enforced in the cities of Rome and Greece also implemented in the city Jundishapur. And it is the rectangular outline planning with broad streets and intersections direct and regular and parallel streets and sometimes have two or three-floor buildings. Overall, the city of Jundishapur was in the form of a rectangle and has several longitudinal streets and many cross streets, so that the city is like a chess board. This study was compiled library and using the resources Persian.

Medical history of the Iranian-islamic, have been released medical famous and valuable books to the knowledge world and that perhaps with translation of these books and use of valuable experiences of these doctors, the West has managed that today`s medical technology to the position of the entry. On of the great doctors is Ali-Ben Abbas Majousi Ahvazi and his famous book is “Kamil Al-sina’at Al- Tibbiya” known as “Konnashe Maleki”. “Kamil Al-sina’at” that contains a summary of the experiences of the previous Iranian, Grek and Islamic medical books in two chapters (theoretical and practical medicine) with “Ghanon” and “Havi” are three major medical encyclopedias of Iran and Islam, which passes over a thousand years of written them but until three decades ago except some short and incomplete translations no one had taken them into Persian translation. In the years of sixty decade, “Ghanon” was translated into Persian with efforts of the great Kurdish scholar and poet Dr. Abdol-Rahman Sharafkandi (Hazhar) and in last few years ago some part of “Havi” has been translated into Persian. In the few last years ago the author has been translated “Kamil Al-sina’at” and so far three volumes of translation has been published by Institute of Islamic Studies of Tehran University and MacGill university of Canada. Fourth volume of this is underway. The aim of this study is a detailed and comperhensive introduction of this book As much as possible of to those interested in history medical technology and the method of research in that is descriptive-analytical.

Today Infertility and its complications is one of the largest problems because it would impose economic burden and psychological pressure on the people. One of the infertility reasons in most Iranian Traditional medicine manuscripts is focused on Nafkhat-ol-rahem. In this study, the Ibn Abbas theories in al-Sinae about Nafkhat-ol-rahem, causes, reasons and treatment were investigated. To achieve recent studies, Searches were performed in the databases with the keywords including vaginal flatus, vaginal flatulence and pelvic floor weakness. This disease is caused by bad cold temper, hit and obstruction of cervix, …. Traditional medicine considered the bloating of uterus (Nafkhat-ol-rahem ) the cause of some miscarriages and infertility, because dense gas that accumulated in the uterus, preventing implantation and establishment of the embryo. In traditional Iranian medicine, treatment involves the use of warm and mohallel riyah (gas solvent) herbal medicines in the form of oral, poultice, Forzjeh and is Homol. Nafkhat-ol-Rahem is a highly prevalent disease in women, but because of the shame, the patient does not speak with her doctor. Bloating of uterus and Vaginal Flatulence seen in the pelvic floor muscle relaxation, which can be harmless or associated with major complications such as rectovaginal fistula and infection of the uterus.