نشریه پرستاری و مامایی ارومیه
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 81، تیر 1395)

One of the common methods of student assessment tests is using multiple choice and four-choice tests. The aim of this study was to observe the parameters of nursing student’s summative multiple-choice exams in the Urmia University of Medical Sciences in 2014.
This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 705final exam multiple-choice questions at the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery in 2014-15. All questions evaluated in three levels of Bloom's Taxonomy; one (knowledge and understanding), two (Application and Analysis), and three (synthesis and evaluation). Formulas were used to calculate the indices of questions difficulty coefficient and discrimination coefficient. The structure of tests was analyzed by using the Mailman multiple-choice checklist.
Out of 705 questions which were examined in this study, the majority belonged to the Department of Medical-Surgical. Most questions (84/6 percent) had one taxonomy level. Considering difficulty index, most of the questions (332 items) were very difficult, and among the studied subjects, Medical-Surgical 3 was the most difficult (61/42 percent) and obstetric nursing (2) was the least difficult (10 percent). Related to the discrimination index, majority of questions had average discrimination coefficient (29/36 percent) and among the subjects studied mental illnesses nursing (1) had the best coefficient. Most questions (1.84 per cent) had appropriate structure.
This study showed that based on Bloom's Taxonomy, difficulty coefficient and discrimination coefficient wasn’t in good condition in the Nursing Faculty of Urmia University of Medical Sciences, and it requires further planning by Medical Education Development Center.

In the age of information and knowledge, the necessity of using virtual reality techniques for teaching nursing knowledge and skills, considering the sensitive tasks of nurses, is not hidden from anyone. Simulation-based educational software with high realism and quality are notable strategies to limit the risks of nursing education based on traditional method that can improve patient safety and reduce medical errors. The present study aimed at analyzing the role of models, approaches and learning theories in the design and production of educational software based on virtual reality techniques and simulation in nursing.
For the purpose of the present systematic review, all articles which were published from 2000 to 2015, which were related to educational software based on virtual reality in nursing both in English and Farsi were analyzed. To search for the study, databases such as SID, CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO Host, Irandoc, Iranmedex, Google Scholar and relevant journals were used by using key words including education, nursing, theories of learning, software, simulation-based, computer-based, virtual reality techniques, models and their combinations. Several steps were taken for selecting and analyzing the full text of these studies. And, the articles which qualitatively met the inclusion criteria were assessed by using the relevant checklists.
Of the 850 articles that were related to the use of educational software based on virtual reality techniques and simulation in nursing, 12 articles which were directly related to the purpose of the study were chosen for further analysis. Of the 12 articles, four articles considered learning as a cognitive phenomenon. Five articles had used Jefferies simulation model and principles of learning theories.
The study concludes that the educational centers for training skilled nurses need the educational software based on virtual reality techniques as an educational tool, it seems necessary to direct the purposes of simulators toward learning based on professional competence paradigm with the use of simulation models and learning theories.

Although Electroconvulsive Therapy is one of effective and fast therapeutic methods, but its cognitive adverse effects often cause patients to reject it, thus, it can limit its widespread use. This study assessed the effect of supportive-educative nursing interventions on cognitive status of patients treated with Electroconvulsive Therapy, at Razi Psychiatric Hospital, Urmia, Iran.
Material and This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 102 inpatients (N=102) who had been receiving electroconvulsive therapy. The patients were selected through the convenience sampling and randomly assigned to intervention (N=51) and control (N=51) groups. Interventions consisted of two parts, educational and supportive. These interventions started right after the patients and their psychiatrist’s agreement on treatment, and it continued after the 6th session. Demographic questionnaire and Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) were used to collect the data. Cognitive statuses of the patients were examined at 15, 30, 60 minutes and 24 hours after delivering the electric charge in 1st, 3rd and 6th sessions. The data were analyzed via SPSS v.16, using chi-square, t-test and repeated measures test.
Cognitive status of the patients in intervention group after 3rd (P=0.045) and 6th (P=0.01) sessions were better compared to the control group, although the results after 1st session did not significantly differ between two groups (P=0.065).
Supportive-educative nursing interventions may have some benefits on cognitive status of patients treated with electro convulsive therapy. Nurses could achieve better patient care by reducing cognitive adverse effects via conducting educational and supportive programs.

Admission to the hospital and waiting for the invasive procedures like coronary angiography is an extraordinary source of anxiety that causes detrimental behavioral and cognitive effects. This study aimed to determine the effect of pre-operative supportive care plan on physiological indicators of patients undergoing coronary angiography in Urmia Seyed-Alshohada university hospital.
In this experimental study with pretest-posttest design, 124 patients undergoing coronary angiography in Urmia Seyed-Alshohada university hospital who met the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated into two groups as control and experimental. The control group received conventional routine care but the experiment group received interventions based on nursing care plan before angiography in addition to the normal cares. The patients’ anxiety score was measured through Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS), their blood pressure measured by a Richter mercury sphygmomanometer and a Litman stethoscope and their heart rate measured by a digital pulse oximetry (Bitmos-Sat 805 Model). The collected data was analyzed by SPSS v.13 software using descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test).
The results showed that the physiological indicators (anxiety scores, heart rate and blood pressure of patients undergoing coronary angiography) in the experimental group was significantly less than the control group (P It seems that supportive care plan before coronary angiography has considerable clinical advantages and reduces the level of anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography significantly. Therefore, it is recommended to apply the holistic nursing developed supportive care plan presented in this study as a key to reduce the level of anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography.

Among the different periods of life, adolescence is one of the most important and most precious period in everybody's life, and it has got serious concerns which can continue into adulthood. One of those concerns is being healthy. Since adolescence is the best time to target preventive treatment efforts, therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the health concerns of adolescents at the age of 15-18 in Zanjan City.
In this cross-sectional study, 264 students of 15-18 years old were selected by random cluster. The tool for data collection was a two-part questionnaire containing the person's demographic information and standard health concerns. Data analysis was performed using the spss17software.
The mean age of the students participating in the study, was16.29±1.47 years old. The mean score of concern in girl adolescents (52.53 ± 23.5) was more than the boy adolescents (51.25 ±27.97) (p=0.69).
The mean score of girls concern in different diminution such as disorders and diseases, prevention and control of injuries, social health, communications, emotional health, and the future was more than the ones for the boys. The mean score of boys concern in diminution such as individual health concern, environment, health care services, nutrition, were more than that of the girls, but mean score of future diminution in both groups were significant.
Given the importance of the critical period of adolescence, it is essential that the needs and concerns of adolescent's health, especially primary care system get special attention. Preventive and supportive programs for teens are recommended as well.

Fatigue is one of the fundamental problems of elderly patients with heart disease. Due to the number of drugs in elderly patients with heart disease, the use of complementary treatments to control their fatigue is growing. This study was designed by the aim of determining the effect of aromatherapy massage on fatigue and hemodynamic parameters in elderly women with acute coronary syndrome.
In this randomized clinical trial, 62 elderly women with acute coronary syndrome admitted to the CCU of Mostafa Khomeini hospital (2015) were randomly allocated into case and control groups. The study group received 20 minutes reflexology massage with lavender essential oil. The control group received routine care. For analyzing the data, U man Whitney, and t- test were performed by using the SPSS16.
U man Whitney test showed that the difference between the experimental and control groups was significant different (p Aromatherapy massage had positive effects on reducing fatigue in elderly women with acute coronary syndrome and probably effective in reducing fatigue; Also, due to changes in the acceptable changes hemodynamic parameters, aromatherapy massage is recommended as a non-pharmacological intervention is.

Nursing students are effective categories in public health, and their academic self-efficacy and general health can lead to the increasing of their adaptation in accepting job responsibility. This study is concerned with investigation of causal relationship between academic self- efficacy and general health with mediating role of achievement goals in nursing students.
75 nursing students in Shiraz Nursing and Midwifery College were selected randomly. Questionnaires of Owen and Froman academic self-efficacy, Midgely, et al., goal orientation, and Goldberg general health questionnaires were used to collect the data. AMOS and SPSS soft wares were used to analyze the data.
Model fit indexes indicated that proposed model is fit for data (RAMSEA=0/043, GFI=0/98, NFI= 0/97, AGFI= 0/91). Also, direct effect of academic self- efficacy on general health was significant (Beta= 0/41, P Academic self- efficacy influences on general health both directly and via mastery, approaching, and avoidance goals. So creating an academic self- efficacy in nursing students can increase their internal motivation and sense of competence.

Caring as a multidimensional concept can be occurred according to teaching main values. This study was performed to assess the effect of caring behavior educational program on patient’s perception of caring.
This was a semi-experimental and educational trial that was performed on junior nursing students (n=55) in Abadan School of Medical Sciences in 2014. The participants were divided into two groups of case (n=29) and control (n=26) randomly. The caring behavior educational program was conducted for case group during medical surgical clinical course, but the control group doesn’t receive any educational plan. After two days, 3 patients were assigned for each student, and the patient perception during continuing care for two days was assessed with CBM tool before and after the study for the two groups. The collected data was analyzed with SPSS-21.
There was a mean rising in 5 scope of caring behavior in case group after the study (p=0/0001). In control group, the patient perception of caring behavior plan that provided by the students, was decreased, but it was not significant statically (p=0/83).
The patient perception of received nursing care that providing by the students in clinical environment can play an important role in scientific and clinical education development.

In recent years the prevalence of eating disorders in adolescents has increased Psychopathology of eating disorders, including disorders that have a significant effect on the physical and psychological functioning of adolescents and youth. The current tries to study the dimensions of psychopathology, life style and family functioning of students with eating disorders and health.
The study was comparative one. All the population of Fatemeh high school was selected by simple random sampling method, firstly 200 and finally 60 of them were selected. They were divided into two groups of patients (n=60) and the control group (n=60). Data were collected by using the questionnaires of mental checklist (SCL-90), health promoting lifestyle, and HPLPII and Family Functioning Scale. To analyze the data, SPSS-16 software by using multiple variances (MANOVA) and Independent T-test was applied.
The results showed that there is a difference (P It seems that aspects of eating disorder psychopathology, life style and family functioning on the students have a moderating role.

Diabetes is one of the health problems in the world with many complications like diabetic foot that can be resulted in gangrene and amputation, and it creates economic, and psychological problems which can reduce the quality of life. On the other hand, the effects of patient education as one of the nurses’ duties are emphasized. Therefore, the present study is carried out to compare the effects of patient education on life quality of life in the patients with diabetic foot ulcer in 2015.
This semi experienced cross-sectional study was carried out to study the quality of life in 136 patients with diabetic foot ulcer. In this study, simple sampling was used. The instrument for data gathering was diabetic foot scale questionnaire which is used for evaluation of the quality of life of diabetic foot ulcer patients. The experimental group received principled education via face to face and educational notebook. Ultimately, alterations in the quality of life in two groups were evaluated and compared. The data were analyzed through descriptive and ANOVA with using of SPSS software (version 18).
Out of 136 patients with diabetic foot ulcer participating in this study, 72% were men and 28% women with the mean age of 53.58 years. The scores obtained in quality of life domains showed that a significant relationship was also found between age, sex, economic condition, level of education, and being married with QOL in both genders. There was a meaningful relationship between the experimental and control groups in the mean scores of some items of quality of life and overall quality of life after intervention (p According to the results of the study and positive impact of education on quality of life of those clients suffering from diabetic foots, the method of patient education can be provided effectively to prevent complications and delay of wound healing and treatment, and it can play a significant role in recovering the quality of life of the patients.