مجله سیاست گذاری اقتصادی
سال هشتم شماره 15 (بهار و تابستان 1395)

Until now many of studies related to derivative of classic demand in continues choice set, while in many condition individual choices isn’t in continues set. In economic, discrete or quantal choice model use to description, explanation and prediction of choices between two or more alternative. This choice is contrast to classic consumer theory that made on assumption of continues amount of demanded commodities. In condition of classic consumer theory, continues space of alternatives allows the use of calculus to derive optimal amount of goods and modeling the empirical demand with use of regression analysis. However in discreet choice model that describe the discreet condition, use of first order condition for optimal solution are impossible. Discreet choice model, use to theoretical and empirical modeling of individual choices with deterministic Choice set and use the relationship between each individual choices, characteristic of individual and characteristic of each alternative by estimation probability of choosing each alternative for one individual with logestic and probit model.
Thus, first part of this paper allocate to introduction and modeling discreet choice and driving travel demand function from it, then this framework use for deriving of travel demand for work and educational tripe in morning peak time in Isfahan city by gathering random questionnaire from 457 traveler as a empirical case of it.
The results show, demand for car is just function of comfort, while demand for bus is function of time, cost and comfort and for taxi function of time, cost, comfort and income.

The current study examines the relationship between financial development and capital structure of non-financial firms in the Iranian Securities and Exchange Organization on the basis of unbalanced panel data. In order to do this, Feasible Generalized Least Squares method and data of 200 nonfinancial firms in the period from 1999 to 2012 have been used. The results show that stock market development has a positive and significant effect on the debt ratio of non-financial firms in Iran, and the impact of stock market activity index is greater than the effect of size index. Surprisingly, the effect of banking sector development on firm's debt ratio is found negative and significant. Also, in this case, the impact of stock market activity index is greater than the effect of size index. Furthermore, the results show that the examined variables related to firm's specifications including profitability, liquidity, non-debt tax shield, size, asset structure and growth opportunity are significant determinants of the non-financial firm's capital structure.

The real exchange rate equilibrium path reflects at each moment the value of the real exchange rate which is compatible with full employment of productive factors and equilibrium in balance of payments. The real exchange rate is viewed as a key indicator of external competitiveness. So, its misalignments may be rather costly. Both overvalued and undervalued currencies have their negative implications. In this article, the real exchange rate equilibrium relationships in US dollar are investigated according to Johansen Cointegration technique using the Behaviorally Equilibrium Exchange Rate (BEER) during 1338-1391 with its fundamentals including net foreign assets, openness, terms of trade andproductivity. The results correspond to the theory and are in agreement with previous studies such as Clark and Macdonald (1998). The error correction term is -0.51 and significant. Since 1991, the real effective exchange rate has been less than the equilibrium real exchange rate, which shows depreciation. Specifically, the gap has been increasing drastically since the 1980s. Naturally, this has led to export reduction and import expansion. However, the positive point is that since 1991, this two rates have drawn much close together; in some years, the real rate has been even upper than the equilibrium.

This research aims at the factors affecting tax revenues in Iran. To study the subject, first, a good model is selected according to the structure of Iran's economy and, then, a theoretical model as well as the corresponding variables and equations are presented. The study makes use of seemingly unrelated regressions method (SURE) and 3SLS because there are different and seemingly unrelated equations. The model is double estimated, once without virtual variables and again with virtual variables. This implies the existence of structural breaks in model equations. As a result of both estimates, it is shown that the change in the tax structure has had the least effect on import taxes as to increase tax revenues. Also, the changes in the tax structure have been the most effective in the other direct taxes and taxes on consumption and sale respectively so as to increase tax revenues.

Health, specifically psychological health, is among the national indicators that are affected by macroeconomic variables. This paper presents an overview of theoretical relationships between macroeconomic variables and psychological health using econometric methods. It was estimated on the basis of cross-sectional models. To this end, first, a fuzzy logic system and psychology experts’ opinionsin different provinces were used to estimate the psychological health indicator. Then, the effect of macroeconomic variables on this indicator was investigated. The results of the study showed that the unemployment variable, Gini coefficient, and inflation had a significant negative correlation with psychological health, while per capita production was found to have a significant positive correlation with it. In other words, this health indicator is not separate from macroeconomic variables, and each of these variables had a significant effect in 30 provinces during 1387. This emphasizes the need for further attention by policy makers, especially in the economic and health sectors.

In fact, happiness (favorability) may be the ultimate goal of any society. Happiness is affected by both unemployment and inflation. The main aim of this paper is to compare the effects of unemployment and inflation on happiness in EEC and Iran. To do so, we used panel data regarding the 2001- 2011 period. To compare the effects of unemployment and inflation on happiness, we estimated the model using standardized variables. After conducting the F test and the Hausman test, the parameters were estimated using the Fixed Panel approach. The results indicate that both unemployment and inflation have negative and significant effects on happiness; if each of inflation rate and unemployment rate increases by one standard deviation, happiness will be reduced by about 0.044 and 0.181 of standard deviation respectively. The comparison of the effects of inflation and unemployment on happiness has shown that the effect of unemployment on happiness is considerably more than that of inflation (this is found according to the Wald test). Moreover, if the per capita GDP increases by one standard deviation, happiness will also increase about 0.140 of standard deviation. Thus, in order to enhance happiness, reduction of unemployment should be a preferred policy.

The aim of this paper is to study the total factor productivity variation and measurement of the technical efficiency in Iran's manufacturing sector. For this purpose, the productivity of 130 different industrial groups in the 1996- 2007 period was analyzed using the Malmquist index and the data envelopment analysis approach on the basis of International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC). The results of the study show that the total factor productivity in the manufacturing sector is decreased because the pure technical efficiency and the scale efficiency have decreased. Refined petroleum products industries have had the greatest growth of the total factor productivity through the technological change. Also, shipping industries have had the greatest decline of the total factor productivity. The total factor productivity in most industries has been variable, and 18 industries have had positive total factor productivity changes. The averages of technical efficiencies in Iran's manufacturing sector, with the assumption of constant return to scale and variable return to scale, are 0.42 and 0.34 respectively. Also, the average of scale efficiency in industries is 0.79.