Caspian Journal of Reproductive Medicine
Volume:2 Issue: 1, Winter-Spring 2016

Obtaining clinical methods in order to decrease the infectious morbidity of cesarean delivery is very important. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of preoperative vaginal preparation with antiseptic solution on post-caesarean infections.
This study was conducted on 400 singleton term pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean delivery. The samples were randomized into two groups; experimental group, including women who received an additional preoperative vaginal cleansing with 10% povidone iodine; and a control group, including women who received only the standard abdominal preparation. All subjects received a single dose of prophylactic antibiotic and were investigated after cesarean delivery until the 6th postoperative weeks for postoperative fever, wound infection, or endometritis. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and the P value The groups were similar in age, education level, body mass index, and parity. The operation variables such as the postoperative fever, wound infection, and endometritis were observed in the two groups, and the overall for these were found to be 6.0 %, 6.3%, and 6.5%, respectively. A total of 7.5% of the participants in the control group and 5.5% of the participants in the experimental group developed postoperative endometritis; but it was not statistically significant (relative risk= 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.61 –1.21; P=0.417). Also, there was no significant difference in postoperative fever, wound infection between these women with and without preoperative vaginal cleansing with povidone.
The findings of the present study indicated that vaginal cleansing with povidone iodine immediately prior to elective cesarean delivery did not decrease the post-caesarean infection rates and the incidence of endometritis in low-risk women.

Pregnant women empowerment is viewed by policy makers and health care practitioners as a mechanism to help pregnant women adapt to physical and psychological changes after pregnancy, and gain a satisfactory experience of childbirth. The aim of this study was to determine the pregnancy-related empowerment of urban women in Tonekabon, Iran
The design of the study was cross-sectional. A valid empowerment scale for pregnant women was used to determine pregnancy-related empowerment. The questionnaire containing 27 questions comprised five factors: self-efficacy, future image, self-esteem, support and assurance from others, and joy of an addition to family. Higher scores in all factors mean better empowerment score. In addition, a demographic and reproductive questionnaire was also used to obtain demographics and reproductive information. A total of 200 individuals, from two active urban primary healthcare centers in Tonekabon, were selected using cluster random sampling method. All analyses were performed using SPSS version 17. Independent t-test was used to determine the relationship between demographic and reproductive variables with empowerment.
The mean for the empowerment score of pregnant women was 78.7±6.7 (27 items scored from 1 to 4). The women who worked outside home had higher self esteem score than those who worked just at home (19.3 vs. 17.7) (p= 0.024). Also the mean score of self efficacy in women with support of spouse was higher than those without their spouse support (18.1 vs. 16.1) (p= 0.001). In women with wanted pregnancy, the joy of an addition to the score was higher compared with those with unwanted pregnancy (P= 0.048). There was no statistically significant result found in the mean scores of the five factors (self-efficacy, future image, self-esteem, support and assurance from others, and joy of an addition to family) with age, own education, husband education, and number of pregnancy.
The results of this survey could be used not only to make efficient interventions for pregnant women, but also to promote empowerment of pregnant women.

It is important to understand midwive's perceptions about their jobs and factors that influence their motivation. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the main factors influencing job motivation among midwives at Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
This cross-sectional study was carried out on midwives at Babol University of Medical Sciences in 2012. A total of 44 midwifes were selected using a systemic random sampling method and sampling proportionate to size. A questionnaire comprising 26 questions was used to assess the main factors influencing job motivation. The main areas to be addressed were: functional job analysis, in service training and the objective use of performance assessment. We organized an in-service training committee, which provided training programmed based on the needs of midwives. Also, we did set up a performance appraisal committee in order to ensure an objective use of existing performance appraisal form and – after getting permission grant – we changed it based on job description.
The results of our informal questionnaire survey provided a comprehensive view of motivation among midwives in Babol University of Medical Sciences.
Low motivation and dissatisfaction were widespread, and can be attributed to salary and remuneration, intensive job regulation, functional job description, in-service training, job opportunity, and performance appraisal mechanisms.

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is the most common gynecological problems that many factors are involved in its creation. Two common methods used to diagnose uterine lesions are vaginal ultraultrasonography and hysteroscopy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of transvaginal ultraultrasonography and hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of intrauterine lesions leading to the AUB.
A cross-sectional study was performed on 203 premenopausal post-menopausal women with complaints of abnormal uterine bleeding. A transvaginal ultraultrasonography was performed from the eligible subjects. In the second visit, a hysteroscopy was done and during the hysteroscopy procedure an endometrial biopsy was obtained from all the women. Pathology was considered as the gold standard and sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated for both methods using the Cat maker software.
The mean age of 203 patients who precipitated in this study was 43.1±2.7. Leiomyoma was the most common leading cause of abnormal uterine bleeding (36%). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of ultraultrasonography in the diagnosis of intrauterine lesions were 74.2%, 49.75%, 71.9% 54.3%, respectively and for hysteroscopy were 91.67%, 86%, 85.9% and 88.7, respectively.
Hysteroscopy results were more consistent with the results of pathology and it was more accurate than transvaginal ultraultrasonography in the diagnosis of intrauterine lesions leading to the AUB.

Despite the fact that many studies have been published about the risk factors associated with gestational diabetes mellitus, its prevalence remains high. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the history of irregular menses and gestational diabetes mellitus among pregnant women.
This case-control study was conducted on 51 pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus in prenatal clinics of Ayatollah Rouhani hospital in Babol, Mazandaran, from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2015. At first, women with family history of diabetes mellitus, pre-pregnancy diabetes mellitus, previous gestational diabetes mellitus, age >35 years, weight >110 kg were excluded from the study. Then, one random control was systematically selected for each case, which was matched for age. All statistical analyses were performed through SPSS (Version 22). P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Irregular menses was not associated with gestational diabetes. The mean menarche at age was lower among the women with gestational diabetes (p=0.03). There was a significant association between menarche at age and gestational diabetes (OR, 6.74; 95% CI, 1.41-32.17). Dysmenorrhea did not differ between subjects with and without menstrual irregularities.
We concluded that early menarche at age (

Inadequate knowledge, negative attitudes are major the hindrances to prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The objective of this study was to understand the knowledge and attitude about HIV and AIDS in the Iranian population.
We conducted a systematic review, searching online databases through December 2015 focusing on knowledge and attitudes about HIV and AIDS in Iran. Inclusion criteria were the cases which aimed to determine the knowledge and attitudes of people, placed in Iran, and conducted in the last fifteen years. After extraction, documentation, specifications of articles and conference were classified in the Endnote software and duplicated cases were removed using this application and new review of the categories.
Twenty four articles met criteria. The knowledge and attitude toward HIV and AIDS were generally found to be different and varied; these differences can be related to the inconsistency of research tools and applied questionnaires, the content of the questions, number of questions, the difference in the ratings and rankings, as well as sample size, methodology and study type.
We conclude that our results will guide the development of population-focused HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitude in Iran, which is to be lacking among both the general public and healthcare.

Many women with polycystic ovary (PCO) are obese. These women have lower clinical pregnancy rates when compared with their lighter counterparts. We hereby present a case of an obese PCOs woman, who referred to our clinic, underwent a microinjection, and failed in pregnancy. Then, she was recommended to have a change of lifestyle and lose weight along taking insulin-sensitizer medicines. In the following 6 months, she lost 19 Kilograms and referred to us with a spontaneous pregnancy. The object of this report was to determine the role of insulin intolerance medicines and lifestyle improvement on enhancing the rate of pregnancy in the PCOs obese women.