نشریه مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 15، بهار 1395)

The low bioavailability of zinc (Zn) is in calcareous and saline soil, therefore the study of chemical forms and bioavailability of Zn in these soils is necessary to estimate the potential availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and mycorrhizae fungi inoculation on the chemical forms of Zn in a calcareous soil at different salinity levels after harvesting corn by a sequential extraction method. A factorial experiment as a completely random design with three replications was conducted in greenhouse conditions. The first factor consisted of three salinity levels (0, 15 and 30 Meq salt kg-1 soil) and the second factor was microbial inoculation (without inoculation, Glumus Intradices, Pesudomonas bacteria and fungi bacteria). The results showed that increasing salinity levels increased the concentrations of soluble笗Ⅺ砞榹, carbonatic and manganese oxide fractions and the concentrations of residual and organic fractions decreased. By application of all microbial treatments, the concentration of soluble笗Ⅺ砞榹, carbonatic and manganese oxide fractions increased and the concentration of residual fraction declined. The higher increase of concentrations of soluble笗Ⅺ砞榹 (101%), carbonatic (59.3%) and manganese oxide (100%) fractions were observed in co-inoculation of bacteria and fungi treatment. There were positive and significant correlation between soluble笗Ⅺ砞榹, carbonatic and manganese oxide fractions with DTPA extractable Zn which indicating the role of these fractions in the supply of Zn to plant. Results showed that the salinity and biological treatments caused the redistribution of Zn from low available fractions to high available fractions in soil.

The phosphorus is second limiting nutrient in soil for crop production after nitrogen. Mobility and availability of phosphorus (P) in soils is affected by phosphorus desorption characteristics. Information about the effect of organic matter on kinetics and thermodynamics of P desorption in calcareous soils of East Azerbaijan province is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic matter on phosphorus desorption kinetics and thermodynamics parameters. P desorption kinetics and thermodynamic was studied in 4 soil samples (0-30 cm) collected from East Azerbaijan province before and after organic matter removal by NaOCl.
According general characteristics, 4 soil composite samples (0-30) were selected so that as much as possible had a wide range of SOM, available P and sand and clay content. Soil samples were air dried, to pass a 2 mm sive and some physical and chemical properties analysed.Desorption kinetics of P was studied at 100 mg P L-1 solution as initial concentration with CaCl2 0.01 M solution before and after SOM removal. Statistical analysis using SPSS software and fitting nonlinear kinetics equations were performed by using Data fit software.
The P desorption kinetics were best described by a simple Elovich equation (r2≥0.94).The mean values of constant “ “was 9.69 before of organic matter removal and 8.05 was after of organic matter. According to the results, P desorption pattern based on the simple Elovich equation revealed that the rate of P desorption was higher in the first 2 hours followed by a slower release rate, which may suggests two different mechanisms are involved. To evaluate temperature effects, desorption thermodynamics of P was studied at various temperatures of 10, 20, 30 and 400C. Results suggested that the P desorption, before and after SOM removal, was a spontaneous and endothermic process.
The Positive values of enthalpy for the retention of P, indicated that the retention process was endothermic. The mean values of ∆G0 ranged from -32.12 to -39/.3 KJmol-1 in NaOCl untreated soils, while it ranged from -33.05 to -40.21 KJmol-1 in NaOCl treated soils when temperature increased from 100C to 400C.
Regarding the rate of P retention by soil and decreasing P desorption after SOM removal, application of organic matter, or at least prevent its loss can increase efficiency and rate of P release to soil solution.

Soil salinity and Zn deficiency are among the most important limiting factors for growth and yields of pistachio trees in many regions of Iran, especially in the Rafsanjan area. The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is new strategies to reduce destructive effects of salinity and improvement of nutrient availability. This study investigated the interactive effect of the fluorescent pseudomonads rhizobacteria and Zn on the fractionation and availability of Zn in the rhizosphere soil and uptake of Zn by shoot of pistachio seedlings (cv. Badami) under salinity condition.
Material and A greenhouse experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in order to evaluate the interactive effect of fluorescent pseudomonads rhizobacteria (pf0 (non-inoculated control), pf1, pf2 and pf3) and Zn application (0 and 5 mg Zn kg-1) on the Zn fractionation in the different levels of soil salinity {0 (1.46 dS m-1), 1000 (7.32 dS m-1) and 2000 (12.0 dS m-1) mg NaCl kg-1 soil} and its relationship with concentration and uptake of Zn in the pistachio seedlings (Pistacia Vera L. cv. Badami) shoot.
The results indicated that salinity and inoculation with fluorescent pseudomonads increased the DTPA- extractable Zn (DTPA-Zn) content and the forms of water soluble plus exchangeable (WSEXC) Zn, carbonate-bound (CA) Zn and organic matter-bound (OM) Zn, while decreased Fe-Mn oxide-bound (FeMnOX) Zn and residual (RES) Zn in the rhizosphere soil. Inoculation by fluorescent pseudomonads increased the DTPA-Zn, WSEXC-Zn, CA-Zn and OM-Zn contents by 52, 26, 29 and 35%, respectively but decreased FeMnOX-Zn and RES-Zn contents by 24 and 3 %, respectively. Also, Zn application significantly increased all forms of Zn (except residual form) in the soil. The results showed that salinity reduced the concentration and uptake of Zn in the pistachio seedlings shoot, while inoculation with fluorescent pseudomonads and treatment with Zn incrased its contents at all salinity levels. However, the combined application of the fluorescent pseudomonads and Zn were more effective. There was a positive and significant correlation between Zn uptakes by shoot and DTPA-Zn, WSEXC-Zn, CA-Zn and FeMnOX-Zn. As well as, soil salinity and inoculation by fluorescent pseudomonads reduced pH value of rhizosphere soil from 7.73 to 7.46 and 7.59, respectively.
The results showed that soil salinity increased Zn availability in the rhizosphere soil, while reduced the concentration and uptake of Zn by pistachio seedlings shoot due to reduce of root volume, water availability and high content of Na ion. Thus, the use of superior isolates-especially Zn solubilizing bacteria- can effectively increase the availability of Zn in soil and uptake of Zn by plants through increasing root growth. However, WSEXC-Zn, CA-Zn and FeMnOX-Zn could be used as available fractions of pistachio seedlings.

Soil washing by mobilizing is one of in-situ techniques for soil decontamination. Applying this technique to the contaminated soils could be followed by many environmental problems. Therefore, it is important to study the effective factors on removal of heavy metals from different forms. In the present research, the forms of Zn, Pb, and Cd in three contaminated soils from the zinc-lead smelting plant area in Zanjan before and after batch extractions by 0.1 mole of EDTA per one kilogram of soil were determined using two methods of Sposito et al. and Tessier et al. The results indicated the higher effectiveness of hot nitric acid in extraction of Cd and in turn the higher effectiveness of aqua regia in extraction of Zn and Pb. The Sposito’s method introduced carbonate and residual forms as dominant form for all three metals in all three soils. these forms, particularly carbonate form, showed major removal after washing. The sum of different forms of a given heavy metal obtained from Sposito’s method was greater than that of modified Tessier’s method. Unlike the Sposito’s method, in which the dominant removal of Pb by EDTA was from the carbonate form, this removal was from the oxide form in the modified Tessier’s method. the highest and lowest removal efficiencies were observed for Cd (using Sposito’s method) and Pb (using Tessier’s method), respectively. The mobility factor of Zn after batch extraction by EDTA intensely decreased. Additionally, the mobility factor of Pb after extraction significantly increased.

In order to investigate the effects of the inoculation with P. putida, R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli and F. mosseae on yield and nutrient uptake of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a greenhouse experiment in a completely randomized factorial design with 3 treatment including a: microorganism in four level (no inoculation, P. putida, F. mosseae and mix inoculation of fungi and bacteria), B: Zn in two level (0 and 10 mg.kg-1) and C: Nitrogen in two leve (inoculation with R. leguminosarum and adding 70 mg.kg-1 nitrogen in form of NH4NO3) with four replication was conducted. The results of experiment indicated that the concentration of P, K, Zn, Cu and Mn in shoots of plants and shoot dry matter, shoot wet matter, seed dry weight, seed number and thousand seed weight affected by simultaneous inoculation of F. mosseae and P. putida. The concurrent inoculation of F. mosseae P. putida R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli significantly increased the Mn concentration in shoots of plants and seed number. Uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn significantly affected by synchronous inoculation of F. mosseae and P. putida. The concurrent inoculation of F. mosseae P. putida R. leguminosarum bv. Phaseoli had no significant effect on nutrient uptake. Maximum thousand seed weight was obtained in rhizobium treatment which represents the role of effective and efficient rhizobium bacteria in reduction of nitrogen fertilizers use without yield loss.

Study of soil quality indicators were considered as a useful method in the land use management. Changing the land use affect soil hydrological processes such as water infiltration process. Spatial variation of water infiltration in soil plays a very important role in hydrologic processes. Variability of this process is affected by the inherent and non-inherent characters of the lands. In order to prevent land degradation and soil and water pollution, realizing the respective processes and quantifying their relationships is unavoidable. Infiltration process is one of the most important components of the hydrological cycle. Due to most changes in soil moisture, provide a suitable model for the accurate estimation of infiltration is important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the infiltration characteristics due to land use changes and to determine the best water infiltration model. Therefore, water infiltration into soil was measured in seven area of Zanjan province and one area of Ardabil province at three agricultural, horticultural and bare land uses. Measurement the water infiltration rate in each land use was conducted by double ring method with three replications and at times 0.16, 0.33, 0.5, 0.66, 0.83, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 135, 150, 165, 180, 195, and 210 minute. Also Kostiakov, Kostiakov - Lewis, Horton and Soil Conservation Service of America models was used to estimate soil water infiltration rate. In order to choose a suitable model, RMSE (root mean square error) and R2 (determination coefficient) criteria were determined for each model. Cumulative infiltration and final infiltration rate were determined for each land use. The results showed that in all three users, all models used in this study could cumulative infiltration water in the soil estimated acceptable accuracy and were low RMSE and high R2. Then suggest estimation infiltration using models and interpretation them is the logical for all areas study. Also the results showed that the estimated cumulative infiltration the bare land use by Horton model was maximum R2 (0.999). But in cultivated and horticultural land use by Kostiakov – Lewis model was maximum R2 (0.997) .According to results the cumulative infiltration and final infiltration rate in cultivated and horticultural land use were higher than those of bare lands. This was due to operation of the plant, causing more disturbance of the soil surface layer, thus infiltration soil in the cultivated and horticultural land use is more bare lands (in which was affect human factors less).

The objectives of this research was to evaluate the rhizospheric effects of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on the status of various inorganic P fractions and total organic P in 10 calcareous soils amended with 1% (W/W) municipal sewage sludge from the refinery of Shahrekord city under rhizobox conditions. Thus, wheat plant was planted in completely randomized design with three replications. P fractions were determined by modified Olsen and Sommer's sequential fractionation procedure. The results showed that wheat rhizosphere showed a significant depletion of non-occluded P, occluded P, organic P and residual P fractions, and a significant increase of calcium phosphate fraction. Simple correlation coefficients showed that plant indices have positive relationship with non-occluded P, occluded P and calcium phosphate fractions in the rhizosphere and bulk soils (pKeywords: Biological properties, Mineral phosphorus, Organic phosphorus, Sequential extraction

Effect of different application rates of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and biochars derived from rice straw (RSB) and sugarcane straw (SSB) on the nutrients concentration of rice plant leaves was studied. The MSWC application rates were 0, 10, 20 and 30 g MSWC per kg soil and the applied levels of the biochars treatments were 0, 3 and 6 g biochars per kg soil. The experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The results indicated that the highest amount of leaves nitrogen (4.05%) was observed in treatment of 3 gr RSB with 30 gr MSWC per kg soil and in turn, both biochars treatments had minimum amount when applied alone. Phosphorus content in rice leaves in treatment of 6 gr SSB accompanied with 30 gr MSWC per kg soil were more than two times compared with control treatment. Meanwhile, with increasing the amount of MSWC in all levels of biochars, the P contents in leaves were increased. The lowest amount of potassium in leaves belongs to the 3 gr RSB accompanied with 20 gr MSWC per kg soil treatment. The maximum amount of copper in leaves was observed in 6 gr RSB per kg soil treatment indicating 39.55 percentages increases compared to 3 gr RSB accompanied by 20 gr MSWC per kg soil treatment. The maximum amount of zinc (27.49 mg. kg-1plant) was accumulated in 3 gr RSB accompanied by 20 gr MSWC per kg treatment.

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can inhanced plant growth by increasing nutrient uptake. In order to investigate the effect of PGPR and AMF on some morphological parameters, macro (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium) and micro (iron, zinc and copper) nutrients uptake, percentage of root colonization and some morphological factors of peppermint, an experiment was conducted as complete randomized design with nine replications. The treatments consisted of three species of AMF (Glomus fasciculatum, Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae) and three bacterial species treatment as PGPR (Azotobacter, Bacillus and group of Fluorescens Pseudomonas contain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida) and control (non bacterial-mycorrhizal). Results showed that the application of PGPR and AMF had significant effect (P≤0/05) on root and shoot dry weight and nutrients uptake in compared to control. Maximum uptake of nitrogen (140 mg pot-1) was obtained at Azotobacter, while Maximum uptake of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium uptake (54.1, 731 and 280 mg pot-1, respectively) were observed at Pseudomonas treatment. The highest values of calcium, iron, zinc and copper uptake (418, 0.177, 0.048 and 0.050 mg pot-1, respectively) were achieved at Glomus fasciculatum treatment. Based on the experimental results, it is concluded that the using of PGPR and AMF can useful role in improving the absorption of nutrients and morphological parameters in peppermint.

Primary and secondary soil salinity is one of the main reasons of land degradation and desertification in arid and semi-arid zones. Change detection of salt-affected soils, aides finding salt distribution and salinization trends. Present study was arranged for monitoring soil salinity status of agricultural lands located on southern part of Bakhtegan Lake in Fars province, Iran using remote sensing techniques in last two decades.
To fulfill the goal, Electrical conductivity data from technical reports on the years 1995 and 2007 was obtained and soil sampling was done on 2014. Composite and randomly 0-30 cm soil samples were collected. Electrical conductivity of 1:2.5 soil: water extracts were measured. Landsat 5 data scanned in 1995 and 2007 and Landsat 8 data scanned in 2014 were used. Different indices and false color composite images were calculated with ILWIS 3.3 software. For year 2014, principal component analysis was done, too. Before correlation and regression analysis, digital number of satellite bands transformed to atmospheric reflectance. 80 percent of data was used for classification of imagery data and 20 percent was used for validation the images for all procedures. Salinity maps was calculated, compared and the best model was chosen.
Results showed that the minimum Mahalanobis distance method (with overall accuracy of 62.5%) and maximum likelihood method (with overall accuracy of 44.8%) were the best approaches for mapping soil salinity for years 1995 and 2014, respectively, while the linear regression model (with overall accuracy of 62.5%) increased the accuracy of image classification compare to other methods. Statistical description of soil EC showed that in 1995 more than 50 percent of studied area has Electrical Conductivity less than 2 dSm-1, while in 2014 more than 50 percent of the soils have EC more than 4 dSm-1. Results also showed that during 20 years, salinity expansion was from soils around lake and center part of basin to the Neyriz city.
the present study showed that, during 20 years, the area of soils with salinity less than 4 dsm-1 reduced and the area of saline soils increased and salinity expansion was from Bakhtaran lake to Neyriz city. According to soil salinization, it seems, on the case of continuation of the present land management in studied area, in a short time, the existing orchards would be out of economic cycle. Therefore, to prevent the soil salinization and the loss of farm and orchards in the region, serious efforts of authorities requires.

Phytoremediation is a biological method by which plants are used to remove environmental pollution caused by toxic elements such as the accumulation of cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, etc. from soil. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) help the plant to increase uptake and translocation of low mobility nutrients and also micronutrients. In this research, arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculant was produced through the isolation of fungi from the roots of marigold and its propagation with clover and sorghum under greenhouse conditions. Moreover the symbiotic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration and transfer of cadmium from the roots to the shoots in Marigold was studied under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted using a factorial based on randomized complete books design with five levels of Cd (0,100, 200, 400, 800 mg kg-1 soil), using the soluble from of CdCl2.H2O and two level of mycorrihizal inoculation (non- inoculated and inoculated) with four replications. Greenhouse test results showed concentrations of cadmium in shoots ranges between 3.91 to 94.9 and in roots between 4.23 and 151 mg.kg-1, which causes toxicity in the plant, with more severe symptoms of toxicity in non-mycorrhizal plants. The results also showed inoculation of marigold with AMF caused increase of P translocation to shoot and accumulation of Cd in roots. Phytoremediation is a biological method by which plants are used to remove environmental pollution caused by toxic elements such as the accumulation of cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, etc. from soil. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) help the plant to increase uptake and translocation of low mobility nutrients and also micronutrients. In this research, arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculant was produced through the isolation of fungi from the roots of marigold and its propagation with clover and sorghum under greenhouse conditions. Moreover the symbiotic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the concentration and transfer of cadmium from the roots to the shoots in Marigold was studied under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was conducted using a factorial based on randomized complete books design with five levels of Cd (0,100, 200, 400, 800 mg kg-1 soil), using the soluble from of CdCl2.H2O and two level of mycorrihizal inoculation (non- inoculated and inoculated) with four replications. Greenhouse test results showed concentrations of cadmium in shoots ranges between 3.91 to 94.9 and in roots between 4.23 and 151 mg.kg-1, which causes toxicity in the plant, with more severe symptoms of toxicity in non-mycorrhizal plants. The results also showed inoculation of marigold with AMF caused increase of P translocation to shoot and accumulation of Cd in roots.

The mobility, bioavailability and environmental fate of heavy metal ions in soil are controlled by sorption onto soil minerals and solid organic matter. The sorption is strongly affected by the presence of various low-molecular-weight organic acids. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of oxalic acid on sorption of Cd on clay fraction of a soil.
The sorption of Cd on clay was studied as a function of pH and time of equilibrium (Cd concentration: 0.045 mM) in the range of 6-9.5, and as a function of metal concentration (Cd concentration in the range of 0.013-0.089 mM) in the absence and presence of oxalic acid with a fixed concentration of 500 μM at room temperature (23 ± 2 °C). The amounts of Cd sorbed on the adsorbent were calculated from the difference between the metal concentration in the blank and equilibrium concentration of Cd in the solutions.
The results of pH-dependent experiments showed that the oxalic acid decreased sorption of Cd onto the sorbent at all solution pHs. Experimental and modeling data from our kinetic reveal that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model gave the best fit. The Langmuir sorption model describes the interaction between Cd and the clay materials better than the Freundlich model. The value of Langmuir (KL) bonding constant was greater in suspensions without oxalic acid (26.6 Lg-1) as compared to suspensions containing this ligand (15.2 Lg-1). Also, the value of Freundlich (KF) bonding constants was greater in suspensions without oxalic acid (1.2 Lg-1) as compared to suspensions containing this ligand (1.8 Lg-1). These values are indication of low tendency of Cd for sorption on the clay surfaces in the presence of oxalic acid. In order to interpret the effect of oxalate on the sorption behavior of Cd onto the sorbent, knowledge of Cd speciation is essential. Species activities were estimated using the PHREEQC code. In the absence of oxalate, the predominant Cd(II) species is Cd2 over the pH range 3.0–9.0. In the presence of oxalate, Cd2 and Cd-Oxalate species were the major solution Cd(II) species at pH ≤10 . The formation of soluble complex of Cd-oxalate may be responsible for the inhibition of Cd sorption by the sorbent.
In general, our results demonstrate that the oxalate could have negative effects on Cd sorption to clay fraction of soils. Thus, it may play an important role in Cd availability and transport in soil.

Although direct methods are used for measuring the soil hydraulic properties, but they are time consuming, difficult and the costing. This research was performed to estimate soil hydraulic characteristics using fractal dimension of solid particles in 40 soil samples. After determining soil texture and bulk density, soil moisture was measured at 9 pressure heads 0, 10, 30, 50, 100, 300, 500, 1000, and 1500 KPa. The above parameters were used for determining the parameters of Van Genuchten equation (m and α) in RETC software. Also fractal dimension of solid particles was determined based on clay percentage it was used for estimating the moisture contents in Brooks and Corey and Van Genuchten equations. The results showed that correlation coefficient values between measured and estimated soil moisture contents were slightly high in all soil texture classes, i.e. silty clay, loam and sandy loam and the precision of models in estimating soil moisture contents of silty loam classes was higher than other classes. Also, using of fractal dimension for estimating the m and α parameters of Van Genuchten equation had the high precision in all 3 soil textures and similar to soil moisture contents, the precision of these estimated parameters in silty clay soil texture class was more than loam and sandy loam classes. In general, the results of this research showed that using of fractal dimension for estimation the hydraulic characteristics has a high validation in fine and slightly moderate soil textures, and its efficiency is low in moderate and coarse textures.

Over the past few decades, effort to increase production per unit area and excessive and unbalanced application of fertilizers has led to environmental destruction. Application of bio-fertilizers, without adverse impacts on environments and providing some plant nutritional requirements, has improved some physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Azotobacter is one of the soil microorganisms which is able to simulate the growth of crops. This bacteria affects plant growth parameter directly or indirectly. This study was conducted for 43 strains of Azotobacter, and maximum molecular biological nitrogen fixation acetylene reduction (ARA) to isolate 3 times with 276 nmol h pipe, most can be little solubility of phosphorus in the medium Asprbr colorimetric method using spectrophotometer device to isolate No. 25 is equal to 232 mg l, Slightly soluble potassium minerals Aleksandrov's most potent medium of film photometer device to isolate No. 23 with 47 mg l, most potent hormone auxin in LB tryptophan medium with for colorimetric spectrophotometer method for isolate number 37 is equal to 98 mg l and More than half the diameter of the colony is a measure of the ability to produce siderophore on the CAS-Agar-related isolates 4, 9, 16, 18, 31, 37, 38, 40, 41 and 43 respectively. The ability to produce hydrogen cyanide was measured among all isolates, only 4 isolates were able to isolate the maximum amount of hydrogen cyanide is 43.

In order to comparing geostatistics and artificial neural networks (ANN) methods in predicting soil salinity and clay content this experiment was conducted in Sistan Region land. 121 soil samples were taken at the depth of 0-30 cm within the grid of 750 750 m and soil EC and clay percent were determined. 105 samples were used for training and 16 samples were used for test in both models. Different models of geostatistics and ANN were fitted and the best models were selected. Results showed that ANN estimated better with determination coefficient of 0.67 and RMSE of 6.18 for soil clay content in comparison to geostatistics with 0.62 for determination coefficient and 8.20 for RMSE. Also in predicting soil salinity, ANN had a determination coefficient of 0.59 and RMSE of 15.8 in compression to geostatistics with 0.54 for determination coefficient and 19.20 for RMSE had more accuracy. Management effect on soil salinity decreased the prediction accuracy in both models in study area.