فهرست مطالب
Archives of Hygiene Sciences
Volume:5 Issue: 3, Summer 2016
- تاریخ انتشار: 1395/05/18
- تعداد عناوین: 11
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Pages 145-152Background & Aims of the StudyAzo dyes are used in industrial processes such as textile industry to produce large quantities of colored effluents that contain organic and non-organic materials. So, effective and efficient treatment of them is important for the environmental protection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of powder and granular pumice for the removal of red reactive 2 in an aqueous solution.Materials and MethodsThis is an experimental study on a laboratory scale. Powder and granular pumice were prepared in a laboratory condition as an adsorbent. The study conducted on synthetic samples that contain red reactive 2 dye. The efficiency of pumice in powder and granular form, with different concentration, pH and contact time was tested.ResultsAbsorption of red reactive 2 is a function of the amount of adsorbent, impressed by pH and contact time. By increasing the amount of adsorbent from 0.5 to 2 gr, the absorption rate increased around 50% to 96%. The maximum uptake for each of testing procedures was accrued in acidic solution (pH=3) and 40 minute contact time. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models were derived from the experimental procedures.ConclusionsThe results showed that the efficiency of powders form was better than granules. Due to the abundance of quarries in Iran, it could be used as a useful adsorbent in wastewater.Keywords: Pumice_Red Reactive 2 Dye_Aqueous Solutions_Available Adsorbent_Adsorbtion_Iran
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Pages 153-159Background & Aims of the StudyThe heterotrophic bacteria are widely used as a water microbial pollution index for drinking water. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of metallic nanoparticles such as Zero Valent Iron (ZVI), Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Zinc oxide (ZnO) on Heterotrophic Bacteria inactivation in well water.Materials and MethodsWe performed an experimental-laboratory study that the effect of nanoparticles type Zero valent iron (ZVI), Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) and Zinc oxide (ZnO)) in constant contact time (30 min) and nanoparticles dose (1 g/L) was investigated on heterotrophic bacteria inactivation.ResultsThe results showed that TiO2 was detected more effective than ZnO and ZVI. The HPC inactivation after 30 min of retention time by TiO2, ZnO and ZVI nanoparticles were 71.5, 50 and 36.4 as percent, respectively. The maximum bacteria inactivation was 98.82% in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles.ConclusionsIt is concluded that nanoparticles used in this study could be effectively used to increase the efficiency of removing heterotrophic bacteria from water and can be considered for microorganisms inactivation.Keywords: Water Disinfection, water microbiology, Titanium dioxide, Zinc oxide, Bacteria, heterotrophic Bacteria, Iran
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Pages 160-165Background & Aims of the StudyPromoting the health and safety is an important part of the fundamental mission of schools and one factor in designing and operating schools that always has been important is lighting. As students spend considerable hours in the classroom and school, lighting should be designed appropriately and in accordance with the standards, to protect them from injuries. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the combination of natural and artificial lighting condition in primary schools of Baneh city, Kurdistan, Iran.Materials and MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study. It's population consisted of primary schools in the city of Baneh and 12 schools were randomly selected as samples. Measurement has been done, using observation method in those schools by completing the assessment form. Then collected data were analyzed by SPSS 19, using descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis Test.ResultsResults showed that the windows to the floor area in the most of schools classes were in standard range and just in 7 classes, the windows to the floor area ratio were less than standard. ANOVA showed the mean of luminance in those schools in p≤0.05 was significant and most of classes were in range of standard luminance. Comparison of luminance in schools corridors with standard showed that corridors luminance of 3schools were less than standard range.ConclusionsThe amount of luminance in all schools was not appropriate especially in old schools. Therefore, to reduce the effect of inappropriate lightning on health in some classes, it is necessary to redesign the system. Furthermore, for parsimony, the lightning system modification is required to achieve standard luminance which is important.Keywords: lighting, primary schools, natural light, artificial light, Health school, Iran
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Pages 166-171Background & Aims of the StudyNowadays, the quality of water is a very important concern. High levels of heavy metals in drinking water may cause some health problems such as cancer. The aim of this study is determination of some heavy metal concentrations in groundwater of some parts of Qorveh county, Kurdistan, Iran.Materials and MethodsIn this study 25 water samples were analyzed, using Inductively Coupled Plasma for determining the concentrations of iron, chromium, copper and zinc. As a case study, the groundwater contamination in some parts of Qorveh county, Kurdistan, Iran, was investigated and compared to the maximum contaminant level specified by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Iranian Standard Institute (IS: 1053), using ANOVA test.ResultsObtained results showed that in some cases the concentration of heavy metals were above WHO and IS: 1053.ConclusionsHeavy metals contamination can enter the food chain and cause various health problems. Thus, according to the obtained results, it is necessary to launch water management programs in the study area.Keywords: Heavy Metals, Kurdistan, Groundwater, Monitoring, Iran
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Pages 172-178Background & Aims of the StudyDue to the increased human activities around the Agh Gel wetland, this study aimed to measured accumulations of heavy metals (Ni, Pb and Zn) in the surface sediment samples taken from this wetland.Materials and MethodsSamples were taken from 10 stations and exposed to bulk digestion and chemical partitioning. Finally, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations were monitored with ICP-OES in the sediments. Also, geo-accumulation index, contamination factor and pollution load index were used to evaluate the magnitude of contaminants in the sediment profile.ResultsThe results showed, the average of metal concentration in samples (mg kg-1 wet weight) were 34.20±3.58 for Ni, 25.37±2.52 for Pb and 127.20±15.21 for Zn, respectively. Therefore, the pattern of metal concentrations in sediment was determined as Znic>Nickel >Lead. According to the mean I-geo values, sediment's qualities are classified as unpolluted category for Ni and Pb. Also, sediment's quality is classified as unpolluted to moderately polluted for Zn. The CF values for all elements are classified as moderate contamination. The PLI values indicated that metal pollution exists for all sampling stations.ConclusionsThe obtained results indicated that the Agh Gel wetland has a potential to threaten by chemical pollutants such as agricultural effluent. So, in order to preserve the environment of the Agh Gel wetland from deterioration, monitoring of water and sediment qualities is recommended periodically.Keywords: Heavy Metal, Aquatic ecosystem, Surface sediment, Agh Gel wetland, Iran
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Pages 179-183Background & Aims of the StudyThe purpose of the hospital accreditation program is to improve the patient's safety. Prevention of mistakes in medical procedures, patient's safety risk identification and infection prevention besides the patient's safety culture (PSC) are the key factors that must be considered in a successful patient's safety program.This study aimed to assess PSC and its association with demographic factors among nurses of a hospital in Qom, Iran.Materials and MethodsThis research as a descriptive-analytical andcross-sectional study on the effect of individual and organizational variables on patient's safety culture among nurses was conducted in 2015. The final sample included 106 employees from one of the hospitals located in Qom province of Iran. The questionnaires consisted demographic questions and a valid questionnaire about patient's safety culture. T-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation were conducted to analyze the data by SPSS V20.ResultsThe age of nurses was 35.15±10.33 (Mean±SD) years. Results showed that the patient's safety climate scoreamongnurseswas 70.15±7.23. In addition, there are significant differences between groups of work shift and also education levels in the viewpoints of patient's safety (p0.05).ConclusionsAlthough, based on our finding,considered hospital had a suitable situation of patient's safety culture, but it is important to pay attention to continuous improvement in the scope of health care workers and patient safety to achieve criticalmission and visions of organizing. Job selection on the basis of demographic considerations and implementation of an accreditation plan for health care systems are two examples of how occupational safety and health tools can be used to provide quality improvement information for health care organizations such as hospitals.Keywords: Health care system, Culture, Accreditation, Nurses, patient safety, Iran
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Pages 184-191Background & Aims of the StudyHeavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd(II)), enter into the environment and cause health hazard due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation in the human body. Therefore, they must be removed from water. In recent years, much attention has been focused on the use of material residues as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The aim of this paper is the assessment of tea wastes efficiency on removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions.Materials And MethodsThe present study was conducted in experimental scale. In this paper, tea wastes were prepared and used as an adsorbent for the removal of Cd(II) ions from water. In batch tests, the effect of parameters like pH (1.0-8.0), initial metal concentration (100-800 mg L-1), contact time (15-120 min), adsorbent dose (1.0-5.0 g) and temperature (25-55 °C) on the adsorption process was studied.ResultsThe results demonstrated that the maximum percentage of Cd(II) adsorption was found at pH 6.0 and the equilibrium was achieved after 60 min with 3.0 g tea wastes. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed, using the Langmuir and Freundlich models and it was found that the removal process followed the Langmuir isotherm. In addition, the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity calculated by Langmuir fitting was 71.4 mg g−1.ConclusionThe results suggest that tea wastes could be employed as an effective material for the removal of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions and the maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 71.4 mg g−1.Keywords: Heavy Metal, Aquatic ecosystem, Cadmium (II), Kinetic, Adsorption, Iran
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Pages 192-198Background & Aims of the StudyWhen the issue of the quality of the patient's care is addressed, determination of infection degrees in reference to the quality of such cares has gained a high priority. Therefore, infections in ambulance equipment might play a significant role in reduction of the quality of the hospital cares. This study was conducted wishing to determine bacterial infection degrees in ambulances servicing in pre-hospital emergency medical services of Qom University of Medical Sciences, Iran.Materials And MethodsIn this analytical cross-sectional study, 132 sampling of the equipments of 12 ambulances were done. Samples were stored on BHI broth as an amplifier for 24 hours. Then, they were introduced to blood agar and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar culture environments. After 24 hours, negative staphylococcus coagulase and bacillus were specified by different environments, solutions, diagnostic discs, gram staining, catalase test, oxidase test and coagulase test. Then data were analyzed by SPSS16.ResultsThe results showed that the highest infection prevalence rate was observed in stretchers (12 samples, 100%) and the lowest in oxygenation moisturizers (1 sample, 8.4%). From infected equipments, in addition, four instruments (37%) were mobile and eight of them (63%) were immobile.ConclusionResults indicated that an infection degree of the utensils and instruments which were used in ambulances employed servicing in the Qom Province Medical Emergency Response Center of Iran is high, that might have their roots in non-application of disinfectants for disinfecting ambulance surfaces and equipment. This is a mandatory for healthcare agents to utilize the protective covers, especially medical gloves.Keywords: Bacterial Infections, Ambulance, Emergency Medical Services, Qom, Iran
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Pages 199-206Background & Aims of the StudyVegetables are useful for humans as they contain minerals, vitamins, fiber and other nutrients. Eating raw vegetables are a nutritional habit in Iranian families. Raw eating vegetables is the main source of parasitic infections. The aim of this study was to determine microbial contamination of raw vegetables in Ahvaz, Iran during 2014-2015.Materials And MethodsIn this study, 20 samples collected from markets of Ahvaz. Average weight of collecting raw vegetables was 1 to 2 kilograms. Then, raw vegetables were washed by 4 to 5 liter tap water. For parasitic ova washed water leaved for 24 hours for sedimentation and then the supernatant poured and about 50 to 100 milliliter of settled water transferred to 15 ml centrifugal tubes. After centrifugation, pellet floated and finally parasitic ova were observed microscopically (corrected Bailenger method). The multiple tube method used for Coliform bacteria (Total & Faecal) examination.ResultsMaximum Coliform bacteria was in Kootabdullah samples (total Coliform was 25893319.52 MPN/100ml and Fecal Coliform was 15054572.83 MPN/100ml). Maximum Ascaris ova in Hamidieh was 43.3 per liter and Sheiban 36.66 per litter.ConclusionMicrobial contamination of raw vegetables, especially in Kootabdullah, possibly was due to Karoon river water pollution by sewage discharge of Ahvaz city, and also in Hamidieh possibly due to Karkheh river water pollution by sewage discharge of Hamidieh city. Thus, sewage treatment of these cities before discharging in rivers is necessary.Keywords: Raw vegetables, Coliform bacteria contamination, parasitic ova, Ahvaz, Iran
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Pages 207-213Background & Aims of the StudyGiven the importance of microbial contamination in creating food-borne diseases, this study was conducted to assess level of microbial contamination of pastry creams in Hamedan, Iran.Materials And MethodsTotally, 80 samples were randomly collected from the confectioneries and analyzed for microbial contamination according to Iranian national standard microbial tests.ResultsData indicated that 49 (61.2%) samples were contaminated, mostly comprised of Coliforms (92.5%). Moreover, the infection was seen to be higher in jelly roll compared to puff pastry. Yeast contamination was about 82.5 percent, which could accelerate the decay of such products. However, yeast contamination of puff pastries was higher than jelly roll. The microbial contamination with Staphylococcus aureus, total viable count and molds were 57.5%, 35% and 37.5%; respectively.ConclusionNevertheless, Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes were not found in any of the samples. Abundance of microbial contamination in the puff pastry samples might put consumers health at risk.Keywords: Microbial contamination, Pastry cream, Food microbiology, Hamedan province, Iran
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Pages 214-220Background & Aims of the Studyone of the most important health aspects health care systems is patient safety and medication errors can threaten this safety. The purpose of this research was evaluation of refusing to report the medication errors and effect on Patent safety in Razi teaching hospital after healthcare reform during 2014-2015.Materials and MethodsThis study is cross-sectional study that has been accomplished in way of descriptive-analytical. The environment of research is Razi teaching hospital of Ahwaz. The population studied consisted of nurses working in different wards of selected hospital. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The results were analyzed by Excel and SPSS 16.0.ResultsThe results showed 60% of medication errors report by nurses. The results showed that the most important reasons for not reporting medication errors were related to the managerial factors (3.85 ± 1.512). This factor can be very important on patent safety. Factors related to the fear of the consequences of reporting 3.80 ± 1.301 and process of reporting were 3.21 ± 1.231, respectively.ConclusionThe results of this study showed that the management factors was important reason not reporting medication errors. Encourage nursing, good drug administration, Training of appropriate, using instruments suitable and decrease direct contact with patient can increase causes report errors. Increase the report of medication errors can help to management these errors and reduction of injures to patients.Keywords: Medication errors, Patent safety, Healthcare reform, Nurses, Teaching hospitals, Ahvaz