مجله زنان مامائی و نازائی ایران
سال نوزدهم شماره 199 (هفته دوم تیر 1395)

Postpartum hemorrhage is one the most common causes of maternal mortality in the world. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which are routinely used for postpartum pain, due to inhibitory effect on cyclooxygenase 1 pathway leads to increasing the volume of postpartum hemorrhage. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to compare the effect of chamomile capsule and mefenamic acid on postpartum hemorrhage in women with postpartum pain.
This double-blind clinical trial study was performed on 70 multiparous women with vaginal delivery. At the end of the third stage of labor and uterine compress, within 2 to 4 hours after delivery, if the subjects had pain scores of≥ 40 mm based on analog scale pain were randomly divided into two groups: A (250 mg mefenamic acid) and B (1000 mg chamomile capsule); then, bleeding was hourly measured up to 6 hours. Data collection tools were Pain Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), Digital scale and questionnaire, observation forms. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16) and Chi-square, Fisher, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney tests and repeated measures test. P The bleeding rate decreased after invention in both groups, but there was no significant difference between two groups (P>0.05). The bleeding rate in first (P=0.38), second (P=0.46), third (P=0.47), fourth (P=0.19), and fifth (P=0.15) hour was llower in chamomile group than mefnamic acid group, but the difference was not significant. The bleeding rate in the sixth hour was more in chamomile group than mefnamic acid group, but the difference was not significant (P=0.97).
Chamomile and mefnamic acid capsules both have the same effect on postpartum hemorrhage in women with postpartum pain, but Chamomile is most effective than mefnamic acid in reducing postpartum pain. Chamomile is a suitable alternative to mefnamic acid for reducing postpartum pain in women with postpartum pain.

Diabetic hepatophaty has been investigated by many researchers. Recently, the role of regular exercise has been considered to prevent it. So, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the effect of combined aerobic exercise on serum level of liver gamma-glutamil transferase (GGT) and glycemic index (insulin, insulin resistance, fasting and two-hour glucose) in middle-aged diabetic women.
This semi-experimental study was performed on 30 women with type 2 diabetes in Behbahan city. They were randomly divided into two groups of cases and control. The subjects in the experimental group performed 12 weeks exercise (3 days a week with an intensity of 55-70% maximal heart rate for 35-50 min per session) has been trained. At the beginning of the study and 48 hours after that, blood sample was taken to measure GGT, insulin, insulin resistance, fasting and two-hour glucose. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 18), and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, independent t-test and loan test. P 12 weeks aerobic training was not significantly effective on serum insulin levels of the subjects (P≥0.05), while it has significant effect on insulin resistance, GGT, fasting glucose and two-hour glucose (P≤0.05).
The aerobic training in type 2 diabetic patients reduces resistance insulin and also, the rate of liver enzyme GGT which is the sign of liver cell damage is reduced following decreased resistance insulin and blood glucose that is the sign of relative improvement of liver status in women with type 2 diabetes.

Fertility is as complex topics which is influenced by various economic, cultural, and political factors. Also, family's decisions for childbearing is highly dependent on economic conditions and on the other hand, children's growth and entering to the market affect economy. A country like Iran with a large share of young population naturally experiences higher rates of fertility and lower rates of mortality. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to fertility and its related issues in Iran. So, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the effect of economic growth on total fertility rate in Iran.
Time series data related to economic growth and fertility rate in Iran was extracted from World Bank Data during 1984 to 2013. Then we applied Johansen Co-integration Test and Vector Error Correction Model to estimate the proposed model.
Estimation of the proposed model showed that during these years, 1% increase in economic growth rate has led to approximately 0.01% decrease in total fertility rate in the next period and 0.01% decrease in total fertility rate in the next two period.
The economic growth has a negatively significant impact on total fertility rate in Iran during the observation period.