پژوهشنامه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی
پیاپی 14 (پاییز 1391)

Winter cold-sensitivty varieties of grape are one of the main problems in vineyards of Iran. Considering the rich diversity of grape germplasm in Iran gardens, from Severe cold winter in 2007 (as the normal treatment) in order to identify cold tolerant varieties and assess damages in some grapes varieties of Iran (21 varieties) and Europe (8 varieties s) in RCBD with four replications (Three plants per unit experiment). Four branches (one year old) per plant selected and counted the number of healthy and damaged sprouts. Then, statistical and cluster analysis was performed. Descriptive statistics (coefficient of variation) data obtained from the assessment varieties was calculated. Using the correlation coefficient (r Pearson), bilateral relationship between traits, was measured and attributes can be selected to increase efficiency determined. The results indicated varieties divided in 4 groups (sensitive to quite tolerant). Ghermez Bidaneh, Fakhri, Siyah Qazvin, Khalili, Rish Baba and Asgari showed the highest tolerance. Most of the European cultivars (Ruby seedless, Flame Seedless, Flame Seedless, Perlette, Black seedless, Superior Seedless, and Torkamanestan 4) were inserted in semi-tolerant to susceptible groups. Tolerance against the cold of winter in normal varieties and the best varieties was 15 ±1 °C and 20 ±1 °C, respectively. There was a significant phenotypic correlation between traits.

This research was conducted to identify the best cultivar of grape in different type of court to make healthy and clean raisins. The grape cultivars were (Vitisvinifera cv. BidaneSefid and Vitisvinifera cv. Asgari) with eight kind of raising court (Greek, Azerbaijani, Noorin, Fallah, California, and Home, garden, concrete and mud). The current research was carried out in the grape research station of Takestan, Qazvin State. A factorial experiment was carried out based on randomize complete block design (RCBD) by four replication in two years. There were some parameters were evaluated such as weighting of 100 raising, marketing rate, raisin uniformity, Colour, taste, raisin size, texture, etc. Based on the results, clean and sanitary raisin with high quality and quantity produced in the sanitarian court. While construction sanitary court needed high cost, but it affordable due to using in a long time working. The best courts were house, garden, California, Noorin, Greek, Fallah , concrete, and Azerbaij in term of quality but the following court; Azerbaijani, California, Greek, Noorin, Fallah, Home garden, mud were the best in term of economic evaluations.

One of the most important characteristics of qualitative and quantitative factors which effect grape and fruit will be optimum nutrition. In order to determine the effect of some macro and micro elements on qualitative and quantitative properties of currants grapes and experiment carried out in research station Ismael Abad (Qazvin). This experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design and was performed with 8 treatments and 3 replications in 2years. Treatments were: 1- N,P 2- N,P,K 3-N,P,K,S 4- N,P,K,S, Mn 5- N, P, K, S, Mn, Zn 6- N, P, K, S, Mn, Zn, Fe 7- N, P, K, S, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu 8- N, P, K, S, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, B. Phosphorus, potassium and sulfur fertilizers used the soil and used micro-nutrients and nitrogen in the beginning of April to the beginning of the growing season before flowering. Measured in fruit juice Fruit yield, cluster weight, berry weight, cluster length, diameter pellets, lower marketable yields, acidity, sugar content and micro-nutrients. The result showed that were significantly between treatment with micro element and control. The most of yield was in treatment 8. The most of cluster weight was in treatment 6 and 8 with 247gr, The most of berry weight were in treatment 4 and 8 2.1 gr, The most of diameter pellets were in treatment 4, 6 and 8, And lower marketable yields the best treatment 4,7 and 8 with a score of 18 of 20 and the highest percentage of sugar in treatment 4, 6, and 7 to 20 percent, respectively. Potassium and micronutrient with sulfur needed to use.

One of the most important agricultural inputs to increase production per unit area of correct use fertilizers and organic, that they are used to increase crop yield, not only in developed countries, but in the third world countries has also been successful. In order to effect fertilization methods on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of grapes, the experimental carried out in research station Ismael Abad in the Qazvin. Treatments contain: 1-Control (the growers) 240 g urea 240 g superphosphate triple per vine, 2- Fruit set Control (20 g urea g boric acid 20 g zinc sulfate with concentration 5 per 1000 in 4000 ml of water), 3- full spraying (200g urea흍 g superphosphate triple 200g potassium sulfate magnesium sulfate g manganese sulfate 10g copper sulfate� 20 g of iron Sequestrine) with concentration 5 per 1000,4- Used as soil three of treatment the soil application fertilizer with 5 kg of rotten manure for the vine 5- the third treatment 纋ꮶ treatment (spraying soil application fertilizer fertilizer). Measured factors yield, cluster weight and lower marketable yields. The result showed that is notable application of fertilizer in increasing the quantity and quality and grape yield per hectare has increased by 95% compared to control foliar application procedure but the difference is 246% higher than the control treatment was soil application fertilizer is quite clearly and showed application method of soil application fertilizer and combining soil application fertilizer and spraying complete fertilizer on spraying methods in grape of yield.

Chemical fertilizers are very important instruments for increasing and quality of agricultural products. Using of fertilizer management showed that didn’t reach to high yield levels and optimum quality on products. Using of potassium and micronutrients increasedyield and quality grape. Grape is the most products in Qazvin province. Takestan city have more than grape gardens than other cities in this province. Mean of yield is 12ton/ha which that is very low. Results showed that Sulfur microelements is significant on yield, weight of cluster, marketing, sugar percent and diameter of single grape. Using K micronutrients increased yield to 6200 kg/ha VS control. Also sugar percent of grape juice was 1.8 from this treatment VS control. Marketing is increased with micronutrients VS control. S micronutrients are increased yield per brush VS control. (70kg per brush).

In order to effect of hot water and chemical treatments on reducing of bacterium from infected cuttings and some characteristics of rooted cuttings cvs. Sefid Bedaneh and Hossaini, an experiment was conducted in Grape Research Station of Takestan for 3 years. The Experiment was carried out as Split-Split plot design based on CRBD, with 4 replications and 40 samples in plot. Isolation and identification of bacteria isolates was carried out by using common methods such as selective media and test on indicator plants. Treatments were included; cultivars (Main Factor), Hot-Water (sub-plot) and chemical treatments (sub-sub plot). Cuttings were rooted in non-infected media of Perlite, sand and compost soil (v/v) in an isolated nursery. The effect of treatments on infection was evaluated by observation of gall formation and bacterium growing on selective media for 2 years. Analysis of variance was done by MSTAT-C program and means were comprised by LSD method. Agrobacterium tumefaciens characteristicswere observed on the 17 strains of 20 isolates so 3 of it were A. vitis. Effect of combined treatments on vitality and growth characteristics varied with different cultivars and treatments. Variation of the number of healthy rooted cuttings, cuttings survival, roots fresh weight and weight of shoots were observed. However, flower initiation was affected by treatments in the two cultivars. Results showed that agent of crown gall was eradicated or reduced below the level of detection in dormant cuttings of two cvs. of grapes by combined Hot water treatment (50ºC/30 min)× chemical treatment (Streptomycin Sulfate 1000 ppm). Although, a treatment 60 ºC/15 min was more effective, but it killed high number of cuttings. Rooting of cuttings, fruit production and other characteristics were admissible by combined chemical treatment (Streptomycin Sulfate 1000 ppm and 50ºC/30 min).

Growth performance and crop increasing based on production of seedless grape and berry growth using autotetraploid is seeing necessary. The current study was conducted to investigate on increasing grape berries size, marketing and yield, and to determine the best concentration and time length of colchicines. The experiment was carried out in spring season in a Takestan grape researches station. In The first decade of March, favorite grape rootstocks (Vitis vinifera var. Yagouti) were selected and labeled. It was in a factorial RCBD with 4 replications. Colchicine's concentrations were 0.1 %, 0.3 %, 0.5 %, 0.7 %, 0.9 % and 1.1 % with 4 levels of time length 24, 48, 72 and 96h. Colchicine was applied using cotton in different times on closed buds. Leaves sample were collected for cytological study and tetraploide conformation 60 days after treatments. ANOVA table and means comparisons were administrated by DMRT test using SAS software. Colchicines concentration with 0.9% and 1.1% via 72 and 96h were the beast treatment for autotetraploidy induction in Vitis vinifera var. Yagoti respectively. However, samples were taken for cutting from the trees which were treated by colchicines in autumn. Samples were collected to cytological study after rooting. Tetraploid characters were observed in 0.9% and 1.1% concentration via 72 and 96h treatments respectively but the other treatments identified as a diploid. In these two treatments significant differences were observed in the anatomical structure of the cellular structure of petioles, stems, leaves and roots were observed in different treatments compared to non-treated and other treated samples.

This research was conducted to achieve the new seedless grapevine veraities with various traits such as suitable taste, big berry size, color skin and different ripping time. Seedless cultivars include Bidane sefid, Qermez bidane, Perllete and Flame seedless was crossed with seeded cultivars of Qzel ouzum, Qara gandoma, Mam braima and Muscat e Alexandria. Clusters of male parents were picked at 50-70% blooming and pollen grains collected. Synchronized with first flower opening, within one to two days at each cross combinations (more than 500 flowers approximately) in 10 to 15 clusters was emasculated and hand pollination was conducted. The flowers pollinated were put in bags. At the maturity time all berry harvested and hybrid seeds was exited after washing, stratified for three months in refrigerator. Hybrid seeds than planted in nursery soil or pots. Total of 850 F1 progeny was obtained in five years of study. All of 26 progeny reached to bearing, but two of them (Muscat × Bidane and Mambraima× bidane) were seedless in 2011 year.

Indirect and morphological selection was done to initial investigation of drought resistance of 69 genotypes of Russian grapevine (Takestan Research Station). This project was done in 2010 in 8×9 rectangular Lattice design. Vitis vinifera Var. white Bidaneh was used as control in 3 plots. From each genotype, two plants were planted in each plot. In this project, characters related to the drought stress such as related leaf water contents, diameter of leaf cuticle, leaf area, leaf hair, number of stomata cells in up and down of leaf, canopy temperature, TSS, TA, pH, acidity and ripening time were investigated. Data were analyzed by SPSS and MSTAT-C software. Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) method was used for means comparing of genotypes. For final morphological screen of genotypes to drought tolerance, ranking method on the base of compare means and cluster analysis were used. Results indicated that genotypes 14, 49, 35, 30, 60, 52 and 54 were the best genotypes for morphological drought tolerance.

A study was carried out to identify tolerant plants in winter white grape varieties of Bedaneh Sefid in Takestan city. In this research the plants were checked visually and that has tolerantation to winter cool in 2008-2009 and has outstanding characteristics including size and cluster weight, berry, and yield was chosen. Other quantitative parameters e.g. the amount of soluble solids, pH juice, were recorded and evaluated. By this study, 14 clones of CV. Bedaneh Sefid in vineyard regions of Qazvin were identified and marked. The characteristics were analyzed by multivariate statistical methods (cluster analysis) by SPSS software and the clones were classified. In this study, among the studied plant, genotype HG-G1 have shown significant differences with other plants and showed less cold damage and yield loss and classified as a separate group.

Grape one of the main of products in Qazvin, however there are problems such as the low average yield and poor quality and of the reason is nutritional disorders. In order to determine nutritional disorders in grape research was conducted in Tkestan. In this study selected 50 sites and were taken soil composite samples of 0-30 and 30-60 cm deep, measured physical and chemical properties contain calcium carbonate, organic carbon, soil texture and available phosphorus and potassium. The result showed that grapes cultivated soils are mostly calcareous and without organic matter in Takestan. Was low organic carbon of about 0.8 percentages, which has an adverse effect on physical properties. In contrast of the low phosphorus in soils, potassium available K than Desirable 300 (mg.kg-1), respectively. Increased calcium carbonate percentage and clay with increasing depth, but decreased organic carbon percentage, pH, available phosphorus and potassium.

The effects of 6 interspecific hybrid rootstocks on the susceptibility of grafted scions to crown gall were studied during 6 years in field as well as greenhouse experiments. The experiments were conducted to study some of the best characteristics, got importance in propagation of grape rootstocks, such as number of rooted cuttings, rate of rooting, fresh weight of annual sapling, and seasonal growth period from growth start to dormancy. The experiment will carry out during 2002 - 2007 based on a RCBD with 4 replications on the six interspecific hybrids of Vitis. Data were analyzed by MSTATC software and means comparisons will carry out using LSD method. Based on 3 years study, results showed that there are differences among the hybrids, significantly. Also, it was observed a correlation between rate of root formation and shoot growth. H2 hybrid had the greatest number of rooted cuttings. Also, in H3 rooting and shoots growth were the highest; and H1 had the longest seasonal growth period among the hybrids. Incidence of crown - gall on susceptible grape scion cultivars (Vitis vinifera cvs. Sefid Bidaneh and 'Red Sahebi') was not affected by their grafting onto resistant rootstocks including H4 and H6, or on self-rooted rootstocks, when the inoculated vines were monitored over a 3 month period in a greenhouse. A. vitis, induced significantly larger galls on 'Thompson seedles's and 'Red Sahebi', when these were growing as self-rooted plants than grafted on H6and H4.Observations over a 4-year period in field showed that there is no difference in crown-gall incidence until the third and fourth years. Scions grafted on the rootstocks of H4and H6had a 18.5% and 6.8% incidence compared to 85% for self-rooted vines. Incidence of crown gall was 18% on H6 compared to 68% on H1. During 5-year period, many self-rooted vines died as compared with only few scions grafted onto H4and H6rootstocks. In the end of the experiments, many pathogenic strains of Agrobacterium spp. were isolated from the roots of 'Thompson seedles's and 'Red Sahebi' vines, but not from roots or vines when H4and H6rootstock was used.

Qualitative land suitability evaluation and farm considering potential of the lands and climate conditions is one of the ways to achieve sustainable agriculture and natural resources conservation. The aim of this study was to classify and evaluate qualitative land suitability of the agricultural lands cultured to produce tree crops. The current study was conducted of the agricultural lands of Boeinzahra, Iran. The research was based on soil properties, optimal exploitation of natural resources, determination of efficiency needs considering climate conditions and further land characteristics. Initially, the Geopedologicunits which were available in Boeinzahra region were interpreted and separated using interpretation of aerial photography and 1:50000 scale topographic maps. The exact location of the profiles was determined using similar scale, before being drilled and described. Soil samples were obtained from the specified horizons and analyzed chemically and physically. Apart from the agrology studies carried out in the study region, metrological and climate data were extracted. The results showed that the soils studied in this research were distributed in one physiography units of alluvial and slopes plains. Classification of land suitability for the selected crops was fulfilled using parametric (square root) method suggested by FAO Guidelines. The obtained data was processed, then the suitability was prepared and maps were drawn for grape. Land suitability classes included relatively suitable (S2), critical suitability (S3).