مجله مدیریت اراضی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1394)

Investigation of soils around the coal mines in the world, shows heavy metal pollution such as lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, manganese and nickel. Phytoremediation of mine land offers a great challenge, to restore its productivity and fertility and also to reestablish the ecological cycles in the rhizosphere with identification of suitable plant species and also the amendment of some suitable blending material on such degraded land. It is one of the widely used emerging techniques for soil remediation, to remove pollutants from the environment or to stabilize them. The aim of this study was to investigate concentrations changes of five heavy metals including zinc, lead, manganese, nickel and copper, as well as pollution indicators including geoaccumulation index, contamination factor and pollution load index of the surrounding lands Geland-roud coal mine located in Mazandaran province. Accordingly, the highest concentrations of Zn, Pb , Mn , Ni and Cu in soil were 12.44 , 6.53 , 5.54 , 7.80 , 6.28 mg/kg respectively. The highest concentration of zinc and manganese in plants were reported respectively 169.4 and 164.6 mg/kg. The results of calculated contamination index and heavy metals concentration of soil and plant samples of Geland-roud mine indicated lower values than values of these elements that cause pollution. The highest values for the geoaccumulation index of Zn, Pb , Mn , Ni and Cu in soil were respectively, 0.024 , 0.074 , 0.003 , 1.975 and 0.117 mg/kg, for the contamination factor respectively, 0.12, 0.13, 0.01, 7.80 and 0.41 mg/kg and the highest amount of pollution load index was 0.20 mg/kg . Due to the growing utilization trend of mineral resources and climatic conditions, the periodic monitoring of contaminates is recommended.

Since Iran is one of the largest producers of crude oil in the world, a soil is exposures to crude oil and its derivatives contamination during the different operations. This research aimed at evaluating the effects of soil organic matter as well as growth-inducing bacteria on the refining of contaminated soil via a shrub species native(Calotropis Procera) of Iran. Treatments were included crude oil (four levels, 1, 2, 3, and 4 Wt %), municipal solid waste (three levels including 0, 5 and 10 V %) and bacteria (two levels including control and pseudomonas). The results of this study showed that in all contamination levels of soil, growth of Calotropis Procera in those polluted a soil which is treated with pseudomonas and compost treatments were higher than control and the differences were significant at confidence level 5%. The driest weight of shoot, root and plant height in 1% crude oil, 10% waste compost and Pseudomonas bacteria were observed 4.05gr, 0.91gr and 62cm, respectively which indicated positive effect of compost and biological factor (bacteria) on growth increase of calotropis procera under contamination.

Determining the qualitative specification of groundwater, which is one of the most important sources of agriculture and drinking water supplies, shows how they can be appropriate for the intended use. Hence, their classification is one of the first and perhaps the most important step in the management of groundwater quality .In this study three methods of BCWQI (British Columbia Water Quality Indices), NSFWQI (National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Indices) and OWQI (Oregon Water Quality Indices) were applied to classify groundwater quality of the Zayanderood basin in Esfahan City. The results indicated that the municipality stations which are located in Zarrinshahr, Felaverjan, Moshtagh and Abshar Park with average index between -37.48 to 38.74 using the OWQI index, -50 to -44 applying the NSFWQI index and water quality index of Zarrinshahr and Abshar Park municipality stations in range of -87.95 to -62.82 applying the BCWQI index (usage agriculture water) are located in the worst conditions than other stations like Bagh-e bahadaran, Molkabad and Park-e Nazhvan. Exposure to urban runoffs, drainage of steel mill and proximity to the wastewater treatment plant of the Isfahan can be seen as the cause.

Soil as a part of biosphere plays an important role in food production and environmental sustainability. Environmental and soil pollution with heavy metals is one of the major problems in developing and industrial countries. Heavy metals contaminated soils are often the result of human activities such as industrial development, urbanization, use of sewage sludge, compost and fertilizers in agriculture. To remove heavy metals from contaminated soil several methods including physical, chemical and biological methods are used. Phytoremediation is a low cost and effective method of removing pollutants without negative impact on environment. Phytoextraction is part of phytoremediation that can remove heavy metals from soils by accumulating of them in the accumulator plants shoot. In recent years, due to low growth and biomass production of accumulator plants, some crops with high biomass such as woody, medicinal and aromatic plants, suggested as an alternative for the extraction of metals from the contaminated soils. In compare to other edible and woody crops, medicinal plants used for phytoextraction probably don’t have high potential for hyperaccumulation. However, because their final products (secondary metabolites) are free from heavy metals and their secondary metabolites are low cost, they can be used for phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. The present paper investigates the possibility cultivation of medicinal herbs including chamomile, basil, hemp, peppermint, hypericum, purslane, sage and lavender in soils contaminated with heavy metals and phytoremediation potential of them.

Potassium and ammonium fixation is one of the most important factors that influence the availability of these ions in the soil. Type of clay minerals, charge density, potassium and ammonium saturation percentage, concentration of potassium and ammonium ions in soil solution, wetting and drying cycles, soil moisture content, soil pH and the amount of soil organic matter are the most common and important factors affecting the fixation of potassium and ammonium in clays and soils. These cations have the same ionic radius and, therefore have same behavior to be fixed by clay minerals. Application of ammonium and potassium fertilizers together can decrease fixation capacity of these ions, and improve uptake of these ions by plants. Application of ammonium ions can decrease potassium fixation in the soil and, therefore it can increase potassium availability for plants and reversible. This result has important effect on economic and management of fertilizers application, and should be considered for the application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers. Therefore, study the attribute factors on NH4 and K fixation and its competitions can lead us to better management for these components and can help for selection of best program for fertilizer management and could be used for a good program for effect of clay mineral fixation. According to this, by application of NH4 fertilizers, such as urea, K release from clay mineral will be increased. Therefore, K for plant uptake will be provided. We attempt to elaborate a review for evaluation of K and NH4 fixation and affected factors on this process in soil. Finlay strategy for the optimum usage of these elemental fertilizers in plant nutrition will be proposed.

Many of scientists, managers, and the public are interested in assessing the health of communities and ecosystems. This has resulted in increased studies of the usefulness of different indicators as a measure of stressors and contaminants. Monitoring ecosystem health requires the use of a suite of bioindicators that are biologically, methodologically, and societal, and can be used effectively over time to assess trends and provide early warning. In a successful and continuous management of lands, Bioindicators can be considered as constructive elements in assessment of soil quality. Earthworms are often referred to as bioindicators of soil quality, because they are an important part of soil ecosystem and are always present in the soils. Because of extraordinary role that earthworms have in physical, chemical and biological process in soils, and also because of the wide distribution of earthworms in soils, these creatures have been used for a lot of toxicity tests and environmental evaluations. Bioaccumulation of metals by earthworms can be used as an environmental indicator for availability of metals. In this article, the above topics including a variety of indicators and their application in land management and environmental assessments, and especially the use of earthworms as a bioindicator of soil quality in efficient monitoring will be discussed in details.