فصلنامه برنامه ریزی توسعه کالبدی
پیاپی 3 (تابستان 1392)

In recent decade in Iran, there have been published a vast number of books (compiled or translated) and scholar articles on different issues in various branches of geography. Most of these publications often focus on particular issues, but only rarely offer an expansive overview of the variety of terms and concepts in use within the field; Moreover, the conceptions used are mostly not meaningfully relevant and in some cases even misleading (it is especially true in falsities in translating these terms and conceptions into Persian). Moreover, the new trends and approaches in modern geography, especially spatial debates and planning theories are in some way the most neglected topics in these publications. In contrary, the most interested fields in these publications are often students’ thesis-based case study ones, compiled mostly by students themselves. So, some problems have been evolved from insufficient descriptions and lack of sufficient clear and perceptible definitions. The result has been not only a growing vagueness of some terms and definitions, fundamental to applied geographies, but the misleading of growing number of students of the field. The main aim of this article is to provide a relative detailed description and discussion of the terms and concepts which are central to the theoretical debate and empirical research in spatial planning within modern applied geography.

Iran is a vast country with a diverse national, regional geographical condition which 60% of its expanse is in the rural areas. More than 63898 villages with the population about 23 million (Statical Centre of Iran 1385) exists in the country which, with the special economic, social and cultural characteristics play an important role in the production and the supply of food requirements, independence and security in this region.
Through recent years, supplying villagers with adequate environment and housing have been the main concern. The process of major actions such as preparation and implementation of rural detailed planning, and the national planning of building 200000 housing units annually, have influenced the fabric and physical arrangements of villages. Markazi Province with 419184 people and 1278 villages has occupied 29125 square kilometers of the whole country (1.8%). According to year 85 statistics of Statical Centre of Iran, 99842 rural housing units exists in this state that the reconstruction of these units is the major aim of national improvement planning of rural housing. Providing adequate environment and housing without the knowledge about rural architectural characteristics is a though or maybe non-achievable job.
Existence of worthy vernacular housing typologies in the state and the need for knowledge about characteristics and preservation of the sustainability values, have made the need of architectural studies in the field of housing very important.
The forth article which have been prepared with the aim of introducing the dominant housing typologies of Markazi province is in 3 phases. The first part analyses the general aspects, introduction, methodology and determining the villages and sample housing units and introducing the Markazi Province. The second part is specified to defining rural fabric characteristics, physical arrangements, housing typologies and their elements. The third part is dedicated to analysis, conclusion and determination of dominant housing typologies and accepted housing in Province villages.

Unemployment is a fundamental issue in world economy so that increase in employment and decrease in unemployment is an important indicator about of development. Iran not alone suffers from high unemployment rate but also the spatial distribution of unemployment rate is very solicitous. These papers with emphasis on exploratory spatial data analysis investigate the spatial distribution of unemployment rate in urban and rural areas with using data of census 2011. Results of exploratory spatial data analysis indicate clustering (positive spatial autocorrelation) and spatial heterogeneous in spatial distribution of urban and rural unemployment in Iran's counties. Therefore results of this paper can provide context for proper planning in order to obviation regional inequality in unemployment rate in Iran.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate quality of life and livability in rural central city of Shahriar in Tehran, Dimensions and indicators of quality of life and livability is common such that to assess the viability of quality of life as a common approach to the topic is used to assess viability. Research direction is based on the location-based quality of life.In addition to data collection, library studies, is a survey, and the Cochrane formula for determining the sample size of 362 patients and their families and Analysis Unit of the heads of families was determined by. Order to select the classification method group villages Venture Towns and classified using seven villages were selected randomly, and finally using the proportional contribution of each village turned out questionnaires. Then examine three dimensions of economic, social and environmental were studied in the villages. response to questions from the test T One-sample t and chi-square were used. The results indicate that the quality of life and livability in the study villages are located in low viability and quality of life and in all social (health, Solidarity and social participa-tion, cohesion and belonging, place, person, and social security), economic (employment, income, housing, transportation, infrastructure and educational facilities), and environ-mental ( Quality place in the absence of infection) assessments are down significantly, and no significant difference also in terms of livability and quality of life in villages in the study area there.

The main objective of this study is the analysis of urban areas access to health facilities. Its basis is to identify areas with poor access. And position of any area to access health care services should be identified. In this study in the first stage the spatial database of the health services in software ARC-GIS (including 6 major with about 4528 lots) was formed. Then use the models to “two-step floating catchment area”, status in-dicators to each of the spaces of the city of Mashhad access areas were determined. Then using the software «spss» and the “two-step cluster analysis” method, areas of the city of Mashhad was classified according to the index access. The results of this analysis indicate a lack of conformity between the spatial distribution of population and distribution of health services. Central city has the best access to health services and the surrounding ar-eas have to be weakest. Also Mashhad city be classified into two clusters. The first cluster is with an average index access of 3. 24 and includes to 2. 3% in urban areas (areas have access to excellent condition). The second cluster included 97. 7% city areas with a mean index of 0. 061 to compared to the first cluster does not show the proper position. Graphs produced by the evaluation of model showed that the most important indicator of the first cluster to second cluster is the index access to pharmacy. Emergency access has the least role in this classification. In Mashhad city Health Services is a single center. So create a new core functionality in various sectors of health care is essential. For this purpose min-imum of two core functions of health care is essential in Mashhad city.

Today, rural construction is considered as one of the main components of the rural develop-ment. one of the most important plans for the improvement and development of the villages is the implementation of the Rural Guide Plan. In this context, the present research is to define criteria for assessing the environmental effects of implementing the Rural Guide Plan according to rele-vant sources. In this study the research methodology in terms of objective is applied and in terms of method it is analytical-descriptive. The major parts of the required data were collected through field studies and using questionnaires. The collected data was then fed into the statistical package for the social science (SPSS) in order to be analyzed and one sample T- test was utilized. Based on the Cochran formula, the sample size was 311 households which were determined by simple random sampling method among families in Shoosti- Zamni village, Babamidan village in Rostam County. The results of the study revealed that despite implementing the Rural Guide Plan problems such as air pollution due to the unhygienic disposal of waste, water stagnations and flooding out of water due to unprincipled constructions of the street curbs and the sidewalks and expansion of pollution caused by animal waste have considerably negative environmental impacts on the villag-es. In these regards, the main findings include the lack or defect in environmental studies during preparing plans and also defect in predicting the consequences of implementing the ten-stage pro-jects in the environments of the villages. Finally, based on the findings of the field studies and the results, some guidelines were provided as feedbacks in order to modify their approach to intervene in the natural environment and the rural environment. The most important of them include correc-tion of service plan description and leading them towards prioritizing environmental studies as well as to the region (habitat)-centered approach in preparing and implementing projects.

In the last three decades of the twentieth century to the early development of psychol-ogy as the environment changes, scientific, technological and cultural life in the physical environment emerged. The impact of these developments and current issues in environ-mental psychology and behavioral science principles to the design of urban space and time are based on. Then the theoretical aspects of the topics discussed , and the organs of perception as it was considered very important. Fundamental understanding of the urban environment made people understand the meaning of what it is. Quality of space , place, identity , social interaction and non- verbal communication and socialization areas defined what the attitude of people in urban form. These areas, especially in urban land-scapes cultural context - the historical markers of identity and sense of place in relation to the environment and human and spiritual needs of human beings are in other words sense of place and identity in a particular place by increased human contact with the environ-ment and therefore improve the quality fabric and urban landscape are. This study aimed to investigate how to improve the urban landscape through the body and revive cultural values - the historic Modares Street Kermanshah, techniques using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been made. Research findings based on questionnaire data in two views of experts and non- experts approach , EXPERT CHOICE software are analyzed. These results indicate areas of effective and important component of the urban landscape design instructor streets to achieve their research goals. Our results also demonstrate the practical application of the elements in landscape design instructor Street toward restor-ing cultural values - are the historic city .

Human settlements as a spatial phenomenon always are influenced by Different nat-ural and human factors and are changing during all times. One of these affecting factors is industry. In Iran, the industry as other countries have had excessive changes in society in particular changes in rural settlement to urban settlement. This article, by relying on descriptive – analytical method, intends to illustrate the impact of industry on the devel-opment of Nazarabad. by using secondary data. Industrial development in this settlement caused village Nazarabad with a population of 799 people and area of 6 acres in 1335 to a city with a population of 97722 and area of 3574 acres in 1385.

Urban population in the period of about fifty-five years from the first census in 1956 to census 2014 become more than 8 times and the rate of urbanization has increased to more than 2 times. The highest annual growth rate of urban population occurred between two censuses in 1976 and 1986. In seven censuses the classification of population in cities shows small towns with populations of less than 25 thousand people increase in terms of numbers but in terms of contribution to the urban population of the country have experi-enced a significant decline. In contrast, the share of the population of large towns and me-tropolis has increased. Metropolitan Tehran, as center of population attraction acts in this periods and the other major cities in terms of population, were far away. Index of urban priorities has always been more than one although many provinces had differences that urbanization indicators show the them more precisely. Findings from this study indicate that distribution of urban areas in the country and the province is more balanced, but the urban population is more concentrated.

High level of society’s safety and suitable access to infrastructure while disaster is occurred indicate social welfare development. Correct site-selection of relief center along with other land uses can be important factor in sustainable function in such a center with high safety in the time of an unforeseen occurrence.
Development of Karaj as a megalopolis in recent decade and lack of capability or enough time to organize urban fabrics and acceptable infrastructure has made problem in developing of the urban spaces. Due to different site selection criteria and role of each relief center in occurrence, fire station which is the most important center is considered for this study.
For achieving to suitable distribution of this land use in Karaj, district 4. Firstly, the site-selection model for fire-station centers based on four effective criteria including population, network of streets, radius of work, urban land use and fourteen sub-criteria and six stations is designed. Secondly, all relative criteria and indexes were weighted and surveyed by analytical hierarchy process, fuzzy logic and spatial analysis elements and finally presented the best station and related alternatives. Results of this study will be obtained a solution to organize the existing approach and help urban manager to make correct decision against space changes in further.