فصلنامه پژوهش های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش
سال هشتم شماره 1 (بهار 1395)

The aim of the present study was to develop human capital measurement model in Iran sports federations. This study was descriptive-correlation and an applied research. The statistical population included presidents, vice-presidents, general secretaries, committee's managers, coaches and experts in sports federations of Islamic Republicof Iran. The study sample consisted of 312 subjects who were selected with stratified and purposive sampling method. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used and for data analysis, both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied. Exploratory factor analysis of human capital indicators showed that this concept consisted of seven factors named motivation, management and leadership, knowledge and skills, competencies, commitment, experience, and entrepreneurship. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0.90. The results of factorial structure and confirmatory factor analysis of human capital showed that the model had a good fit and its factorial structure was acceptable (RMSEA=0.043¡ GFI=0.90). Furthermore, the model also had good divergent and convergent validity. Model and tools derived from this study can be served as a supplement to the financial reporting system and macro decision makings in sports federations.

The rise in plasma levels of FIB (fibrinogen), TNFα (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), IL- 6 (Interleukin-6), HCY (homocysteine), and CRP (C-reactive protein) are known to be indexes of risk factors for cardiovascular events. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of an aerobic exercise program on indexes of risk factors for cardiovascular events in inactive obese women. 20 inactive obese women with BMI≥30 kg/m2 were volunteered to take part in this study and were randomly divided into two groups of aerobic and control. The exercise program consisted of 8 weeks, three sessions per week, each session 30 min. with 60-65% MHR. Before and after the exercise protocol, blood samples of both groups (in fasting state) were collected by ELISA method to measure the variables under study. The data were analyzed through paired t test and independent t test (P

The aim of this study was to evaluate sport management science-research articles in Iran specialist journals. The design of the study was qualitative and research method was observation, quantitative content analysis. The population and sample consisted of all sport management articles in Harakat, Research on Sport Sciences, Olympic and Movement Science & Sport journals (N=433) from 1999 to 2010. After the validity of the checklist was confirmed by experts, the reliability among coders was obtained 0.82 using Krippendorff alpha. The results showed that managerial skills in sport (37.18%), education and sport (10.62%) and organizational theories in sport (9.46%) were the most studied areas in Iran specialist journals. Among sport industry segments, the most articles were dedicated to university and school sport (20%), professional sport (14.5%), and education (8%). Regarding the gender in articles, 16.62% focused on men sport, 7.85% on women sport, and 31.17% on both genders. Gender focus of 44.34% of articles was unknown. It can be concluded that these articles did not cover all content areas and sport industry segments, and there is a need to carry out more research on content areas and sport industry segments that had received less attention. Regarding gender, although there was a better balance in comparison with the two previous sections (content areas and sport industry segments), there is a need to conduct more research on women sport because they comprise 50% of society population.

Lipocalin -2 is an adipokine which is closely related to obesity, type-2 diabetes and insulin resistance. The present study investigated the effect of aerobic training on plasma levels of Lipocalin-2, insulin and insulin resistance in diabetic male rats. 30 male Wistar rats (12 weeks old, weight: 180-240 gr) were randomly divided into 3 groups of diabetic training, diabetic control and healthy control. The rats of diabetic training group performed endurance training for 6 weeks, 5 days per week, 40 min. per session, speed of 20 m/min. with a slope of 5 degrees. All rats were anesthetized 48 hours after the last training session and after 12 hours of fasting and their blood samples were collected. Plasma levels of Lipocalin-2 and insulin were measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test. The results of one-way ANOVA showed that 6 weeks of aerobic training significantly increased Lipocalin-2 plasma levels (P=0.003) and significantly decreased insulin resistance index (P=0.007) in diabetic training group while there were no significant changes in insulin levels in diabetic training group compared to the diabetic control group (P=0.587). This study showed that 6 weeks of aerobic training may play a role in improving metabolic abnormalities in diabetes through an increase in Lipocalin-2 level and a decrease in insulin resistance.

This study aimed at examining and prioritizing those components influencing purchase of sports magazines from the viewpoints of Tehran citizens which was carried out by a field descriptive-survey method. The statistical population included Tehran citizens and due to this unlimited population, the statistics sample was determined as 384 subjects according to Morgan Table. A researcher-made questionnaire was used and its validity was confirmed by physical education in media professors and experts, and its stability was acquired by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α=0.816). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the demographic characteristics and the confirmatory factor analysis test with Varimax rotation was used to prioritize the variables. The findings showed that the variables of content, appearance, popularity and background and title occupied the first to fourth place with factor loadings of 0.852, 0.793, 0.736 and 0.693 respectively from the viewpoints of citizens. In conclusion, these findings can help authorities and managers of sports magazines to understand citizen's taste and their tendency to sports magazines.

The aim of the present study was the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic exercise on serum levels of FGF21, Apolipoprotein A-1 and LDL-C to HDL-C ratio in obese women. 20 obese women (age 30.25 ± 1.97 yr, height 1.61 ± 0.06 m, weight 85.29 ± 6.67 kg, BMI 32.72 ± 1.91 kg/m2) were randomly divided into 2 groups: aerobic exercise and control. Subjects in the experimental group performed aerobic exercise at intensity of 60-75% target heart rate for 8 weeks, 3 days per week for 30-45 minutes. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data. Significant difference at P˂0.05 was accepted. The results showed that serum levels of FGF21 in the exercise group significantly increased (P=0.008) after 8 weeks of exercise but this increase was not significant compared to the control group. Also, serum levels of APO A-1 significantly increased (P=0.021) in the exercise group after 8 weeks of exercise but this increase was not significant compared to the control group. The ratio of LDLC to HDL-C significantly reduced (P=0.011) after 8 weeks of aerobic exercise. It is possible that aerobic exercise can help prevent many diseases associated with obesity through a probable increase in FGF21 as well as a reduction in LDL-C to HDL-C ratio.

The aim of this study was to identify and prioritize the performance evaluation indicators in female volleyball coaches in Iran from athlete's points of view. Thestatistical population included all athletes (N=83) employed in Iran volleyball premier league in 2012. The statistical sample equaled the population. A researcher-made questionnaire including 42 performance evaluation indicators of volleyball coaches in a 5-point Likert scale (1=very low to 5=very high) was used. Meanwhile, 10professors and experienced volleyball experts and coaches confirmed the face and content validity of this questionnaire. The reliability was also calculated by Cronbachalpha (α=0.94). In order to analyze the data, the exploratory factor analysis with direct oblimin rotation, the Friedman test and Wilcoxon post hoc test at P≤0.05 were used. After factor analysis of data, out of 42 performance evaluation indicators, one was eliminated, and 41 indicators were categorized into 7 factors including: technical skills, tactical skills, professional relationships, team management, psychological skill, social -communication skills, and experience and athletic background. These factors were recognized as the most important factors in performance evaluation of female volleyball coaches in Iran. Also, there was a significant difference in the priorities of most performance evaluation factors of coaches (P≤0.05). Considering the high priority of technical skills and tactical skills, sport experts and managers should pay more attention to technical and tactical competencies of female coaches for a faster growth and development of volleyball for women.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of sprint interval training on changes of serum levels of leptin and LDL and HDL lipoproteins in overweight male inactive adolescents. The method was quasi-experimental and the population consisted of all adolescents aged between 14 and 16 from Maragheh city. 40 subjects were selected voluntarily by convenience sampling method after a public call. The subjects were divided into two groups of control and training (each group 20 subjects). Blood samples were collected before and after the training and leptin, LDL and HDL lipoproteins were measured by ELISA. The training protocol consisted of 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. To analyze the data, t test and paired t test (P≤0.05) were used. Results showed that 8 weeks of sprint interval training significantly reduced serum leptin and LDL lipoprotein and significantly increased HDL lipoprotein (P≤0.05). Sprint interval training had a significant effect on changes in serum levels of leptin and LDL and HDL lipoproteins.

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare amotivation reasons of high school students to participate in physical education activities from the viewpoints of physical education (PE) teachers and students and the relationship between amotivation and social support provided by PE teachers. This study was a descriptivecorrelation survey conducted as a field study. The statistical population involved all PE teachers and 2nd and 3rd high school students of Bookan city. 381 students were selected by multi-level cluster random sampling method as well as all 32 teachers as the sample of this study. For data collection, Questionnaire of Amotivation in Physical Education by Shen et al. (2010), and Interpersonal Behavior Scale by Pelletier et al. (2008) were used. Friedman test, Spearman test of correlation and U Mann Whitney test were used for data analysis. The results showed that unappealing activities and insufficient effort was the most important reason for students’ amotivation from the viewpoints of students and PE teachers. The results revealed a significant difference between teachers’ and students’ viewpoints in amotivation reasons. Also, there was a negative and significant relationship between PE teachers’ social support and students’ amotivation reasons (lack of competencies, insufficient effort, valueless activities and unappealing activities) from students’ viewpoints. However, from PE teachers’ viewpoints, there was no significant relationship between the variables. As a reduction in PE teacher's support behavior can result in student's amotivation, it is recommended that PE teachers should identify the multi-lateral nature of amotivation and improve student's participation in Physical education activities through an increase in social support.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a liver disorder that is accompanied with accumulation of triglyceride in hepatocyte and is related to metabolic syndromes such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training on ALT ,AST, insulin and fasting glucose levels in the patients suffering from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. 20 patients were divided into two groups: aerobic training (n=10) and control (n=10). Aerobic training protocol included warmup (10 min.), running (55-75% of maximum heart rate) and cool-down (5 min.) for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week. Blood samples were collected before and after 8 weeks of training in both groups. All data were analyzed using ANOVA with repeated measures with intergroup factor (2*2). The results showed that serum levels of ALT (P=0.000), AST (P=0.001), fasting glucose (P=0.024), fasting insulin (P=0.000), insulin resistance (P=0.000), waist (P=0.04), weight (P=0.033) and body mass index (P=0.03) significantly decreased in aerobic training group, but no changes were observed in the control group. Considering the present study, a controlled aerobic training protocol can be a helpful treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients.

The aim of the present study was to compare hardiness management in professional, semi-professional and novice athletes. 90 male athletes of Mazandaran clubs wererandomly selected as the sample of the study and divided into three equal groups: professional, semi-professional and novice. For data collection, Ahvaz Hardiness Questionnaire was used. For data analysis, SPSS17 software and descriptive and inferential statistics and univariate analysis of variance and LSD post hoc test were used. Results showed a significant difference in psychological hardiness among three groups, that is to say professional athletes had more hardiness than semi-professional and novice groups. Also, there were no significant differences in the scores of semiprofessional and novice groups. It can be concluded that professional athlete's hardiness was more than other groups and physical activities and sport competitions had a positive effect on personal variable of hardiness or diligent people have more tendency to participate in sport activities.