Avicenna Journal of Neuro Psycho Physiology
Volume:3 Issue: 1, Feb 2016

Drug addiction, obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD), and other anxiety disorders are the disorders most commonly found in patients with bipolar disorder..
The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the risk of drug addiction, obsessive compulsive disorders, and other anxiety disorders in patients with bipolar disorder..
Patients and In this retrospective cohort study, the medical records of 400 patients with bipolar disorder hospitalized in Hamadan, Iran, between 2008 and 2014 were examined. Patient information, including demographic characteristics and comorbidity, was collected. A data analysis was performed using a separate logistic regression for each disorder. The statistical package used was STATA software version 11. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant..
The mean (SD) age of the patients with bipolar disorder was 34.62 (1.68) years. Of the 400 patients with bipolar disorder, 135 (33.75%) patients had anxiety disorders, 67 (16.8%) patients suffered from drug addiction, and 45 (11%) patients had OCD. An association was established between drug addiction and OCD, and gender (P ≤ 0.05). The ORs of anxiety disorders, drug addiction, and OCD were 1.05 (95% CI = 0.65 - 1.68), 0.26 (95% CI = 0.10 - 0.63), and 2.33 (95% CI = 1.21 - 4.48) for women, and 0.92 (95% CI = 0.52 - 2.13), 3.01 (95% CI = 1.64 - 5.55), and 0.64 (95% CI = 0.25 - 1.62) for the patients who smoked, respectively. In addition, there was no significant association between the different disorders and age, marital status, history of relapse, and history of suicide..
The results showed that there was a greater risk of anxiety disorders with bipolar disorder than other disorders. While women with bipolar disorder were at higher risk of anxiety disorders and OCD, men were at greater risk of drug addiction..

Controlling diabetes requires management of the relationship between the patient and the initial attention team. Social and environmental factors lead to lifestyle variations in relation to the health care, community support, and social support received. Theess areas have an effect upon patients’ self-organization and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy can be recognized objectively as one of the strongest predictors of a patient’s physical condition, causing behavior variations. It can be defined as an individual’s level of trust in his/her ability to adopt a particular kind of behavior..
The aim of this study is to examine the roles of social support and self-efficacy in predicting the level of adjustment to living with diabetes in diabetic patients..
Patients and In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the ability to predict diabetic patients’ adjustment to diabetes through analyzing levels of social support and self-efficacy. The population used for this survey was a random sample of 167 diabetic patients, who were dependent on insulin injections. The participants were 18 to 60 years old and had been members of the Iranian Diabetes Society since 2014. They were asked to complete Sullivan’s “adjustment to diabetes” test, and were examined using 1) Zimet’s Multidimensional Scale of social support and 2) the Coping Self-efficacy scale for confrontation of problems. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS (version 16) statistical software package, for which Pearson’s correlation test and the multiple regression method (linear method) were used..
The data revealed that self-efficacy (P It can be concluded that self-efficacy and social support are important in predicting the adjustment levels of diabetic patients. Furthermore, self-efficacy has a more potent function here than social support as it affects every individual’s self-confidence and quality of life..

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system with unknown causes. In the last decade, the prevalence of MS in Iran has increased..
This study evaluated the frequency of familial MS among patients in the Hamadan society for MS..
Patients and This cross-sectional study was performed on 1202 MS patients in Farshchian hospital, Hamadan, in 2013. All patients were diagnosed with definite MS. A questionnaire was used to gather information; demographic characteristics, medical history, signs and symptoms at onset, course of disease, relatives with MS, and degree and type of relationship were recorded..
The mean age of the patients with familial MS was 28 ± 10.4 years, with higher rates among women (the female to male ratio was 3.2: 1). Familial MS was found in 8.65% of the patients, and 58.58% of those patients had a first-degree relative with MS. The highest rate for familial MS was observed in sister-sister relations and brother-sister relation. The MS risk changed from 57.69% in first-degree relatives to 35.57% in second-degree relatives and 6.73% in third-degree relatives.
There has been an increase in the rate of the disease in Hamadan province in recent years. It was found that there are lower rates of familial prevalence relative to this sample being studied in Hamadan society. The familial MS is more common among sisters. Further studies on the MS patients in Hamadan will be needed for a better assessment of familial and environmental factors.

Treatment for psychological disorders is generally based on signs and symptoms, and research in this area has shown that major depression has become one of the most significant psychiatric disorders of the last decade..
This study was conducted to compare the effects of schema therapy and cognitive group therapy on women with depression who were engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors and were referred to the Hamadan Health Center for AIDS testing..
Patients and This research was done at the Hamadan shohada infirmary from 2015 to 2016 and was confirmed by the ethics committee of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. It was a semi-experimental study using single stage cluster sampling. The statistical sample consisted of 500 women ranging in age from 20 to 60 years old with at least a diploma. The women were engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors and were referred to the health center for AIDS testing. Psychologists and a physician conducted a diagnostic interview, and 217 subjects were randomly chosen using a sample volume formula, in addition to Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). Eighty five of the subjects were diagnosed with depression, of whom 45 were chosen randomly and divided into three groups of 15 consisting of two experimental groups and one control group. Twelve sessions of cognitive group therapy and 12 sessions of schema therapy were implemented for 90 minutes per session. At the end of the training period, the three groups were post-tested and depression components were then investigated in the pretest and post-test results..
The findings support the idea that a significant difference exists in terms of the mean of depression between schema therapy and cognitive therapy, as follows: F (1, 41) = 60.650 P The results show that schema therapy is more effective than cognitive group therapy for treating depression in women engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors..

The hippocampus is responsible for memory. A diet full of antioxidants improves brain damage and cognitive function. Regard the antioxidant effects of zingiber officinalis (ginger) and its flavonoids components..
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the extract of ginger on memory by using hippocampus tissue of the male offspring of rats..
In this study, 60 rats, 15 males and 45 females, were used. We separated pregnant female rats from males on the first day of pregnancy (determined by vaginal plug), and during days 16 - 18 of pregnancy, via intraperitoneal injection, three groups received hydroalcoholic extract of ginger, with low (200 mg/kg bw), medium (400 mg/kg bw), and high (800 mg/kg bw) concentration doses. The control group did not receive anything, and the sham group received normal saline during these days. Then at day 50, the males offspring in each group were sacrificed, their brains were removed, and the hippocampus sections were prepared for microscopic studies. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 and by using one-way ANOVA and then a Tukey post-test (P This research showed that the number and thickness of pyramidal and granular layers of the CA1 and dentate gyrus areas of the hippocampus had increased in male offspring according to the increase in the ginger extract dose..
It seems as though ginger extract, which contains compounds such as gingerols, shogaols, and zingerone, can affect memory ability in rats through these compounds’ antioxidant properties by affecting embryonic acetylcholine content and place cells..