دو ماهنامه میکروب شناسی پزشکی ایران
سال دهم شماره 2 (خرداد و تیر 1395)

Tuberculosis is one of the most important infectious diseases during the history of humans’ life, various societies always have been trying to control and struggle against this disease. Tuberculosis could be controlled by Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus as etiologic agent and the discovery of Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine all around the world. In fact, it had been assumed Tuberculosis could ultimately be eradicated, however any possible global control of tuberculosis will be destroyed in the near future because of the existence of tolerant strains, the worldwide distribution of the disease, as well as the emergence of the AIDS epidemic. The fact that one-third of the world's population is infected with Tuberculosis which can consider as a reservoir of infection. This issue has become even more complicated now since non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is indistinguishable than tuberculous mycobacteria because they are environmental organisms which present in all places and cause lung diseases and tuberculosis. Therefore, the laboratories diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB Laboratories) play a key role in diagnosing, monitoring and control of tuberculosis by providing prompt and reliable laboratory results, which can be the guidance clinical for control of tuberculosis. The aim of this research is a review of some scientific works (achievements) in relation to the quality and performance of TB Laboratories. As the researchers in the field of tuberculosis laboratories believe that increasing the capacity of laboratories using trained staff, implementation of quality control of equipment and procedures, can enhance the quality and accuracy of laboratory results. Generally, by creating a System National Administration for diagnostic laboratories, TB can be more effectively controlled.

Shigella infection is one of the prevalent causes of diarrhea disease in most developing countries in children under 10 years old. Conventional microbiological examination to identify Shigella species are time-consuming and requires a lot of work and cost. The object of the present research was to isolate and identify of serotypes of Shigella species including Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei from patients with bacillary dysentery and to detect their one major virulence genes ipaH by using PCR. Recent research in Iran showed that Shigella species are a common cause of diarrhea. One of important specific &invasive gene is ipaH which is used for the identification in this bacterium.
3000 stool sample from children with diarrhea admitted in two famous hospitals in1391 in summer & autumn in Tehran were used in this study. The identification of isolated was done by serogrouping and biochemical test & the prevalence of ipaH gene determined by PCR method using specific pairs of primers. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was performed according to the CLSI guidelines.
All Shigella spp isolates in this study harbored the ipaH gene. Out of 160 shigella isolates, 50 isolates determined as S. sonnei with serogrouping and biochemical test. 90% of isolates were resistant to Tetracycline, Cotrimoxazole, Streptomycin and Minocycline.
We conclude that ipaH PCR procedure is more reliable, sensitive, easier, reproducible and specific which is significantly faster than current conventional detection assays such as serologic test. Althuogh in this study we report that among Shigella .spp cause diarrhea infection most of them are S .sonnei resistant antibiotic.

Brucellosis is a common disease between humans and animals. Vaccination is the best approach to prevent brucellosis. Existing vaccines such as Rev1 are associated with disadvantages such as abortion in pregnant animals. Therefore, it is necessary to generate an appropriate vaccine that is produced by molecular methods. The aim of this study was designing and construction of pDS132-Δkanr suicide vector to delete kanamycin resistance sequence (kanR) in a mutant strain of Brucella melitensis rev1 to generate a candidate vaccine strain.
In this study, the plasmid pDS132 was used as a suicide vector to delete target gene. In order to construct the deletion cassette, two homologous fragments were separately designed and constructed by PCR, and tandemly cloned into the pBluescriptSK(-) vector using appropriate restriction enzymes. Then, the deletion cassette was digested from the recombinant vector by terminal restriction enzymes, and sub cloned into the pDS132 vector to construct the suicide vector pDS132-ΔkanR.
The pDS132-ΔkanR contains 590bp upstream sequences and 421bp downstream sequences on the deletion cassette fragment; it can be used as specific suicide vector to disrupt the kanR sequence in genome of mutant strain of Brucella melitensis Rev1.
The use of suicide pDS132-ΔkanR system facilitated mutant construction which is a more specific and effective system in comparison with the other positive marker-dependent suicide systems and primary techniques such as serial passages.

Microbial food contamination is of great threat to human health. Nanotechnology is considered as a promising solution to produce and develop such novel antimicrobial substances. The potential effects of nanostructured metal oxides on the reduction of such contaminants are well established. The present study was aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activities of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles and ε-poly-L-lysine against two major food borne bacteria, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes.
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the antimicrobial compounds, as single and in combination uses, against E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were determined by resazurin reduction and micro-dilution methods, in order to calculate the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index.
The growing of both microorganisms was inhibited by nano MgO at the concentration of 4.10 mg/ml and at the concentrations of 2.05 and 0.13 mg/ml, ε-poly-L-lysine was effective against E. coli and L. monocytogenes, respectively. The FIC indices of 0.52 and 0.75 against E. coli and L. monocytogenes, were respectively confirmed, when the combination of both antimicrobial agents was employed.
The current study was revealed the inhibitory effects of both substances against E. coli and L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, a limited synergy (0.5-0.75) was noticed in using them, in combination.

Due to the high prevalence of colon cancer in human societies such as Iran, the aim of this study is the molecular identification and assesses cytotoxic effects of heat-killed probiotic bacteria and induced apoptosis in HT-29 cell lines of colon cancer compared with normal cells.
Molecular detection was performed on local probiotic bacteria isolated (TD4) from Tarkhineh dough. Both cell lines HT-29 colon cancer and HEK-293 were affected by 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/ml of heat-killed TD4 isolate for periods of 24, 48, and 72 hours. Cell viability was measured using MTT assay. DNA fragmentation assay was performed after 48 and 72 hours base on the IC50 concentration of heat-killed bacteria.
TD4 isolate was submitteded lactobacillus berevis in GenBank. According to MTT assay, lactobacillus berevis depended on time and dose reduced survival and proliferation of colon cancer of HT-29 cell line, with the highest cytotoxic effect in 1000 µg/ml for 72 hours. At this dose and time, viability was 23% and 50% in HT-29 and HEK-239 cell lines, respectively. DNA fragmentation assay showed apoptosis induction by heat-killed bacteria in the HT-29 cell line.
L.berevis showed cytotoxic effects and induced apoptosis on HT-29 colon cancer cell line while the cytotoxic effect was slight on HEK-239 compared to HT-29. Future studies are still required to confirm these bacteria as a biological anti-cancer product in treatment and prevention.

In this study, antibacterial combination effects of Zataria multiflora, Laurus nobilis and Chamaemelum nobile essences was examined and the optimum bactericide dosages of the combination was determined on E. coli PTCC1330.
Essence extraction was conducted using water distillation method from Z. multiflora, L. nobilis leafs and C. nobile capitals by Clevenger apparatus. The combination effects of the essences were studied on E. coli in different dosages using Qualitek-4 software and fraction of the full factorial statistical method. Essences interactions and the contribution of each essence were evaluated on inhibition of E. coli growth.
MIC values was determined for Z. multiflora, L. nobilis and C. nobile essences as 0.01, 0.1 and 0.05 mg ml-1, also MBC values was 0.1, 0.5 and 0.5 mg ml-1, respectively. Z. multiflora essence dosages showed the highest percentage of antibacterial effect (64. 2%) on E. coli, while the antibacterial effect was evaluated 13.54% and 6.89% for L. nobilis and C. nobile essences, respectively. In optimum conditions, all three essences dosages should be equal to 1 mg. mL-1 and the percentage of bacterial growth inhibition was determined by 72.76% whereas it has 81.8% consistency with real results at optimum conditions (60%). The maximum interaction was observed between Z. multiflora and C. nobile essences dosages with 33.44% severity index.
Z. multiflora essence had a considerable antibacterial effect on E. coli, while antibacterial properties of L. nobilis and C. nobile essences were evaluated as a weak effect.

The use of bibliometric methods identify the best researchers in various fields on the one hand, and scientific mapping of specific disciplines on the other hand at the international level has become popular gradually. The aim of the present study was to determine top researchers in the field of parasitology based on centrality and combine indicators.
The study uses a bibliometric methodology. The initial data of this study, which comprises Iranian Parasitology researchers have been retrieved from Web of Science during 1972-2015. After loading and storage of records, the researchers used scientometric software (UCINet, NetDraw, VOSviewer, and BibExcel) to answer research questions.
The results indicated there are 1271 scientific productions conducted by Iranians in the field of Parasitology.Mohebali, Vatandoost, and Oshagi are the most active researchers in Parasotology, respectively.
Generally, according to findings from different parts of the current study (number of articles, h-index, and centrality indicators), it can be stated that Mohebali is the most influential parasitology researcher in Iran.

Due to the increased growth of bacteria producing ESBL, among the members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, monitoring and treatment of nosocomial infections are important, especially caused by ESBL-producing clinical isolates belonging to this family. The aim of this study is to evaluate a rapid method, using new colorimetric culture was made at the University of Al-Zahra (Tehran, Iran).The used method to detect ESBLs, according to disk diffusion method based on CLSI on colorimetric culture and the results of it, compared with the Müller-Hinton agar for disk diffusion method.
In this study, the clinically isolated samples belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae family which was evaluated in both Müller-Hinton agar medium and colorimetric culture using ceftazidime (CAZ), ceftazidime clavulanate (CZA), cefotaxime clavulanate (CTC) and Cefotaxime (CTX) discs.
Results & Because of the metabolic activity of bacteria, a color change occurred from red to yellow in colorimetric culture after 5-6 hours and red inhibitory zone created around the disc. The obtained results from the colorimetric method are same with the results of Müller-Hinton agar method for disk diffusion after a day.

According to studies, healthcare workers are the first people who expose to Ebola and should be care. On the other hand. There isn’t exact information regarding prophylactic treatment for this group of people. So the aim of this study was done to determine the prophylactic treatment of Ebola and the related factors among students of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical science in 2014.
In this cross- sectional study with the descriptive- analytical approach, 191 students were selected from Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical science by using simple randomized sampling method in the year 2015. Data were collected by using a two part of a questionnaire including demographic and behavior that was reliable and valid. Data was analyzed through SPSS20 software via descriptive statistics (Frequency &Percent) and ANOVA and Tukey tests.
Results & The average age of students was (21±1/75) and average score of prophylactic treatment was (84/2±25/3). Nurses Role were the most important Cues to action (88/2±20/3). There was a significant correlation between treatments and the field of study (p=0/009). There was also a significant relationship between behaviors and all of the Cues to action (P