نشریه مدیریت و توسعه ورزش
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 4، بهار و تابستان 1393)

Considering the vital role of quality services in survival and profitability of sports clubs, the purpose of this study was the comparison of service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty in private and public fitness and aerobic clubs in Sabzevar city.
The study was a comparative one, and the statistical population included all female costumers of fitness and aerobic centers in Sabzevar from which 341 participants were selected randomly. To gather information, we used a standard questionnaire by Liu (2008). Content validity of the questionnaire was determined by experts and reliability was measured through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (α =0/98).
Survey findings showed that there was a significant difference between private and public fitness and aerobic clubs in service quality including its components such as reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. Also, a significant difference was observed between customer satisfaction of private and public clubs and components of corporate image, personnel, convenience and equipment in private and public clubs. There was also a significant difference between customer loyalty and its components (attitudinal loyalty and behavioral loyalty) in Private and Public clubs.
According to our research findings, fitness and aerobic club managers should play a greater role in customer satisfaction by sticking to their promises and providing more tangible services in order to attract loyal customers.

In the third millennium, public spaces like the exterior landscape of sport centers have become a place for social and cultural interactions, and recreation activities have attracted the attention of urban designers. The purpose of the present study was to study the factors of exterior landscaping in design and construction of urban sport places and spaces by surveying the attitudes of urbanization faculty members in Iran.
The research method was descriptive. Data was collected through field study. Statistical population included all faculty members of governmental universities in the urbanization (urban design specialty) field who were at least assistant professors (N=37). Thirty three faculty members were randomly selected as the sample by Morgan table. The instrument was a researcher made questionnaire. The validity was confirmed, and the reliability was acceptable (Cronbach α=0.83). The questionnaires were distributed and collected by online correspondence. For data analysis, descriptive statistical (frequency, minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov Smirnov test and one-sample t-test) were used.
Results showed that the dimensions such spatial, social, activity and semantic were identified as significant factors of exterior landscaping influential in the design and construction of urban sports places.
Results of this study showed that although those mentioned views have some aspects in common, considering the importance of the spatial, social, activity and semantic roles of exterior landscaping of sport centers (in the form of public spaces), they should put their emphasis on various approaches such as providing security, sufficient and proper sites, possibility of various activities and creating vitality and vibrancy in those places.

The aim of present study was to design the pattern of organizational effectiveness in selected sports federations of Iraq.
Statistical population of this study were 221 managers, professional employees, coaches, elite athletes and referees of four sports federations such as football, basketball, weightlifting and track and field. 184 participated in our research (n=82 0/0). Eydi et al’s (2012) organizational effectiveness questionnaire was used for data gathering. 12 sport management scholars approved the validity of questionnaire and also reliability was calculated to be .97 0/0. Lisrel software was used for confirmatory factor analysis and verifying fitting model and relationships between constructs.
The results showed that work force expertise (.88 0/0), organizational interaction (.88 0/0), productivity (.87), work force cohesion (.84 0/0), planning (.84 0/0), stability (.81 0/0), flexibility (.780/0), and resources (.74 0/0) had the most impact on organizational effectiveness respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that patterns of internal process model (e.g., organizational interaction & stability) and rational-goal model (e.g., planning & productivity) were most important models for organizational effectiveness in Iraq sports federations. Also, football, track and field, weightlifting and basketball federations obtained highest means of organization effectiveness respectively.
According to our results, in order to achieve organizational effectiveness in Iraq sports federations we suggest that attention should be paid to a variety of indices; among the most important ones are the use and recruitment of skilled and professional workforces.

Nowadays, the new enterprises are recognized as the main sources of job creation, innovation and development in today’s business world. Therefore, identifying influencing factors that play key roles in the start-up of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) is critical.
Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze factors influencing Small and Medium sized sport Enterprises (SEMs) start-ups and develop a proper model. The methodology followed in this study was descriptive-correlative. The population consisted of owners of small and medium sized sport enterprises (N=1500) from which 258 persons were randomly selected. For data collection, the individual factors questionnaire including entrepreneurial character (α=.77), entrepreneurial skills (α= .75); environmental factors (α=.77); capital factors (α=.77); and the business establishment competence questionnaire (α=.81) were used. To analyze the data, the appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics as well as the structural equation modeling with Amos16 software were used.
The results showed that all the three individual, environmental and capital factors had a positive and significant relationship with business establishment. However, the fitted research model showed that only individual factors could play a significant role in establishing an effective sport business; while, the environmental factor also influenced its establishment indirectly through the individual factor.
The findings of this research put emphasis on the importance of individual factors in the success of establishing small and medium-sized sports businesses.

The purpose of this study is to recognize the obstacles facing sports private investment from private gym owners’ point of view in East Azerbaijan state.
Research method is descriptive survey. It was conducted using a questionnaire designed by the researcher and verified with acceptable validity and reliability rate of 0.91 percent by Cronbach's alpha. The population of the survey was the founders of sports clubs. According to Morgan statistical table, 172 persons were selected as the representative sample. To examine the hypotheses of this research, inferential statistic methods, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Pearson‘s correlation coefficient, and Friedman tests were used (α=0.05).
The study has revealed a significant negative correlation between impediments to banking tasks (r = -0.38 and P= 0.041), impediments to using potential capacities (r = -0.26 and P = 0.05), and private sponsorship of sports events in East Azerbaijan state. Although from investors’ perspective, the priority of the obstacles were different (excluding the impediments related to insurance matters), the banking impediments were the first ranked ones.
By decreasing the financial and banking impediments as the main obstacles mentioned above, and use of potential capacities, the private investment of sport events could be broadened in this state.

The purpose of the present study was to identify, prioritize, and weight performance evaluation indexes of sports clubs.
This research was carried out in two steps. In the first step, indexes and sub-indexes of performance evaluation were recognized through consulting literature review and background of research, and 15 sport management experts and professors using Delphi process. In this step 6 indexes and 33 sub indexes were identified. In step two, relative weight and rank of each of indexes and sub indexes which were recognized in pervious step were analyzed in expert choice software with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique taking into consideration the views of 57 professors and club managers in Tehran.
Results showed that the most important indexes to evaluate the performance of the clubs in Tehran were human resources, financial resources, physical resources and equipment, environment, planning, organization and evaluation, technical affairs and sports, and the environment respectively. Also, most general sub-indexes were managerial stability, coaching stability, wages paid to players, coaches and staff, and quality of specialized staff club, set standards of performance evaluation respectively.
Due to the importance of the most important indexes of the clubs in Tehran, according to sources at the club should be a priorit.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate participants’ behavior in predicting football competitions and marketing quality of the organizations offering this service.
The statistical population was 20000 participants involved in predicting competition in Rasht city out of which 380 samples were chosen randomly according to Morgan sampling table. The method of this research was descriptive - survey.
The results showed that the most majority of the participants were youth and adolescents whose aim of participation was just to entertain. There were significant differences between demographic characteristics (marital status, age, sexuality and education) and levels of behavior among participants. Moreover, from the marketing point of view, it was found that the majority of participants were loyal to these competitions, but the degree of loyalty changed based on external factors. Studying the marketing situation of the responsible organizations showed that all of the factors were used appropriately from participants’ perspective.
Participating in a recreational activity was the main reason for the majority of participants whose participation rate differs among them regarding to their demographic characteristics. Moreover, the Conversancy of the predicting company authorities in using the most effective marketing methods for attracting more customers is considerable. So it's necessary to plan suitably in order to fulfill youth recreational and entertainment needs and inform them about predicting and gambling harms through media to Acculturate valuable and useful activities.

The aim of this study was to investigate the canonical correlation of the relationship between the social support and absence of motivation of 2nd and 3rd grade high school students in physical education activities.
The method of study was descriptive–correlation, and field survey. 381 students among 2nd and 3rd high school students of Bookan city were chosen through multi-level cluster random sampling. They filled in interpersonal behavior scale of Pelletier et.al (2008) with the reliability (α=.81), and questionnaire of absence of motivation in physical education of Shen et.al (2010) with reliability (α=.78). Data was analyzed with Canonical Correlation method.
The results showed that there was a negative significant relationship between autonomy support with insufficient values of activities (r=-0.130, p≤0.05), and unappealing activities (r=-0.166, p≤0.05). Competence support had a negative significant relationship with deficient ability (r=-0.135, p≤0.05), deficient effort (r=-0.133, p≤0.05), insufficient values of activities (r=-0.197, p≤0.01), and unappealing activities (r=-0.202, p≤0.01). Relatedness support had a negative significant relationship with deficient ability (r=-0.110, p≤0.05), deficient effort (r=-0.108, p≤0.05), insufficient values of activities (r=-0.157, p≤0.01), and unappealing activities (r=-0.178, p≤0.01). Also, canonical correlation showed a significant set between social support and students’ lack of motivation, that is, set of social support predicted set of students’ lack of motivation (0.19).
Physical education teachers, who provide supportive environment for students, can influence students’ motivation, and increase their participation at physical education activities.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between organizational stress and performance of members in Iranian National Female's Taekwondo team at the international events.
The population of the study was 40 females from Iran national taekwondo team, teenagers, youth and adults, present in the preparatory camp preparing to participate in the international competitions in 2012. The sample of this study was chosen purposefully (n=40). To achieve the research objectives, self-made questionnaire of organizational stress was used as the investigation tool. The questionnaire validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability calculated in a pilot study with 30 subjects which turned out to be 0.87. In order to achieve the research purposes, the descriptive and inferential statistics methods such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov, multivariate regression, Pearson correlation coefficient, single-sample T-test with the help of SPSSS.V.18 software were used.
The findings showed that organizational stress was in a high level among Iran members of female taekwondo team (t=20.86, p≤0/05). There was an inverse significant correlation between organizational stress and performance of athletes (r=-0.732, p≤0/05). In organizational stress, the environmental (t=2.106, p≤0/05) and team (t=2.456, p≤0/05) factors could predict the performance of athletes at the international events. But the leadership (t=-0.770, p0/05) and individual (t=1.793, p0/05) factors could not predict the performance of athletes at the international events.
Due to the high level of organizational stress and its negative impact on performance of female taekwondo players, it seems organizational stress should be recognized and controlled by authorities of the federation of Taekwondo.

The main purpose of this research is to assess the necessity and feasibility of the use of integrated approach in elementary school physical education curriculum.
The statistical population of this research contained teachers and experts of education with curriculum development specialty (18 persons) and teachers and experts of physical education with management specialty (21 persons) in state universities of Tehran, all of whom were selected objectively. All needed information was gathered through a researcher made questionnaire consisting of 25 questions. All gathered data were analyzed with both linear-algorithm & T-solo sample statistical methods.
the results gained through linear-algorithm method showed that experts agreed upon adopting an integrated physical education curriculum considering gender and their agreement. Also there was a difference between experts’ viewpoint in rendering an integrated physical education curriculum and confliction of state of agreement, gender and teaching background. Results gained through T-solo sample showed that all five indicators of physical education curriculum (goals, choosing content, organizing the content, teaching method and learning experiences) were possible to prepared and codify physical education curriculum in an integrated style.
Based on experts’ points of view, given considering gender and degree of agreement, physical education curriculum can be prepared for the integration. Also, given the teaching experience and interaction of three factors in the curriculum, there were different views offered by experts. Experts views showed that it would be possible to prepare and codify integrated physical education curriculum.