نشریه پرستاری ایران
پیاپی 97 (دی 1394)

Workplace violence is considered as one of the important issues in occupational health. This issue in psychiatric ward requires more special attention due to type of patients admitted there and nature of psychiatric disorders. The aim of this study was to determine workplace violence, vulnerable and preventive factors and reaction towards violence perceived by nurses working in psychiatric wards.
Material & In this cross-sectional study, 144 nurses (6 practical, 130 bachelor and 8 masters of nursing) working in psychiatric wards of Razi hospital in Tabriz, Iran were participated using census sampling method. Data gathered with "International Workplace Violence Questionnaire". Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics on SPSS v 13.
Verbal and physical violence with the frequency of 96.5% and 83.3% respectively, were the most of occurrence and cultural and sexual violence with the frequency of 27.0% and 9.7% were the least of occurrence in the work environment of nurses. Most frequent reaction of nurses to workplace violence was to calm aggressive person (27.8%).Increasing human resources (16.7%), continuing education staff (15.7%), security measures in sectors (14.2%), management guideline for violence (13.7%) and separating judicial patients from other patients (12.8%) were reported main factors to prevent workplace violence. The most common predisposing factors for violence against nurses were low ratio of nurses to patients (12.9%), lack of timely security (10.9%), legal issues of patients (10.3%), inappropriate treatment of staff with patients or their companions (8.9%) and lack of training on how to prevent violence (8.3%).
The high prevalence of violence against psychiatric nurses indicates need to upgrade nurse's communication skills, anger management training and reduce the workload of nurses in order to reduce the violence.

The nursing profession is considered as a major source of stress by itself. Several factors are helpful in reducing the effects of stressful situations which include strategies of coping with stress and fitting personality traits. The main objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between personality traits and strategies of coping with levels of perceived stress of nurses .
Material & This research is a descriptive-correlational study. The population of this study wereall nurses in Shahid Beheshti Hospital, which by means of Krejcie & Morgan table, 127 nurses were selected as the sample. The instruments of this study were the NEO five-factor personality inventory, coping inventory for stressful situations by Endler and Parker and stress symptoms test. Data analysis was carried out using inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and analysis of variance) with SPSS 19.
Results showed that there is a significant positive correlation between neuroticism and emotion-oriented coping, between extroversion witht ask-oriented and avoidance-oriented coping and also between agreeableness and conscientiousness traitswith task-oriented coping (p Employing nurses with protective personality traitsand identifying nurses at risk and the use of therapeutic interventions such as teaching skills of coping with mental pressure and strengthening protective personality factors can be helpful in preventing nurses from stress and burn out.

Health literacy is one of the most important priorities for improving health care quality through enhancing patient- provider communication. Implementing health literacy strategies enables nurses to provide information and instructions for patients in a manner that is more commensurate and understandable. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting nurses’ intention to implement health literacy strategies in patient education based on theory of planned behavior.
Material & A cross- sectional study conducted among 148 nurse practitioners of Al-Zahra Hospital affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, using descriptive-analytical method. Data collected via standardized questionnaire based on theory of planned behavior constructs and analyzed by SPSS v.17 using ANOVA, Independent T-test, Pearson correlation and linear regression.
There were statistically significant correlation between using health literacy strategies and marriage status, attending in retraining courses, employment type, job history, and job status. Perceived behavioral control was the most powerful predictor of intention (β= 0/417) and use health literacy strategies in patient education and behavior of nurses (β=0/319).
According to the findings of this study, perceived behavioral control is a powerful determinant of nurses’ intention and behavior of using health literacy strategies in patient education. Hence we recommend nurse educators to pay special attention to the constructs of this theory mainly perceived behavioral control in retrain courses about patient education and health literacy strategies.

Nursing Services is one of the most important areas that impact on patient satisfaction. Organizations use different methods to improve the quality of care and enhance the patient‘s satisfaction. One of them is the system of clinical governance. In this study, the researcher evaluated the impact of implementing the clinical governance system for enhancing the patient’s satisfaction with nursing care.
Material & This descriptive study was conducted at two hospitals on Fars province, Iran. Totally, 600 patients were selected by convenience sampling during 3 stages (prior to the implementation of clinical governances, 6 months and 1 year after the implementation). Data were collected using questionnaire of satisfaction with nursing care quality. Data analyzed with One- way ANOVA, Tucky HSD post-hoc test, the independent t-test and chi-square test using SPSS software v15.
The results show that the average satisfaction score of nursing care was not significantly different between baseline and 6 month after implementing clinical governance but the score one year after implementing clinical governance was significantly different from the baseline (p It seems that implementing clinical governance was effective in patient's satisfaction with nursing care. Implementing these programs is depended on spending a lot of time and money, involvement of employees and valuing the program by senior managers. Therefore, in order to manage the integrity and quality improvement, it’s better that all employees have taken an active role in these programs.

Recent attentions in nursing discipline to fourth dimension of health, spiritual health, leading to increasing development study to explanation this concept. In Iranian nursing the definition of spiritual health is deficient and delayed. Thus, the aim of this study was to explain the concept of spiritual health based on Islamic view.
Material & This concept analysis study was done based on Walker & Evant (2005) approach. Database and dictionaries related to Islamic literature were searched. Finally 16 books, 32 articles and 2 theses from various disciplines were retrieved. Qualitative data analysis method and MAXQD7 software were used for data analysis.
Defining attributes of spiritual health embrace 4 categories: romantic creator- orientation, Islamic rationality, task- orientation and latter word- orientation. The consequences of spiritual health were perception of human with two- dimension system, spiritual dignity and being autonomous. The antecedences of spiritual health were being successor, comprehensive permanent purity, sprito- psycho- behavioral balance, perpetuity and permanent.
In Islamic perspective, spiritual health is different from other cultures. Therefore health care provider should pay more attention on meaning of spiritual health based on their culture.

Errors are unavoidable in clinical practice, but it can be minimized in terms of frequency and intensity. Reporting the errors is so important and effectively avoids future errors that may cause patients harm. This study was conducted to identify barriers of error reporting by nurses and preventive strategies in social security hospitals in Kerman, Iran.
Material & In this cross-sectional study, the instrument was questionnaire of barriers to self- reporting errors that was made by Mardani and shahraki vahed (2009). The study population consisted of all nurses of Social Security Hospitals in Kerman (233) who were selected using census method. To analyze the information, descriptive statistics, test t, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient were applied by use of SPSS v.16 software. Answers to open-ended questions on preventive strategies were categorised into themes using content analysis aproach.
Average score of barriers to error reporting was moderate (69 ±13). Fear of stigma, the effect of errors on the employee annual evaluation, news release and legal consequences were the most common barriers of error reporting by nurses. The main strategies to remove the barriers of error reporting were creating a safe and friendly environment for reporting, management process and error prevention.
Fear from the consequences of reporting errors was the major obstacles in reporting errors. Since error management still faces serious obstacles, so health authorities and managers should focus on the processes influencing nursing errors and identify ways to reduce errors including enhancing the organizational climate and job security of nursing staff.

Emotional intelligence plays a role in the all aspects of individual life through using emotions in gaining motivation and effective communication. The aim of the present study was to investigate the predictive role of parenting styles in student emotional intelligence.
It was a cross-sectional study. Statistical population was including the entire girls and boys student in the Middle Schools of Gorgan city in 2010-2011 and 387 individuals (196 girls and 191 boys) were selected through multi-stage clustering sampling method. The study instruments were Baumrind Parenting Styles and Bar-An Emotion Quotient Intelligence questionnaires a. Data were analyzed by SPSS v20.
The results showed that parenting styles had a significant relationship with emotional intelligence of students, and they predicted 0.87 the variance of emotional intelligence. Also, the authoritative parenting styles were the strongest predictor of emotional intelligence among students with 0.71 positive predictive values. Authoritarian and permissive parenting styles explained the variations of emotional intelligence with negative prediction values of 0.62 and 0.26, respectively.
Based on our results, parenting styles is an important agent in predicting emotional intelligence of students. Therefore it is proposed that school counselors teach proper parenting in order to improve emotional intelligence of students.