فهرست مطالب

Preventive Medicine - Volume:7 Issue: 8, Aug 2016

International Journal of Preventive Medicine
Volume:7 Issue: 8, Aug 2016

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/06/10
  • تعداد عناوین: 5
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  • Poonam Sharma, Priyanka Bhardwaj, Rambir Singh Page 1
    Background
    The present work was planned to evaluate the antihyperglycemic, lipid‑lowering, and antioxidant effect of Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium bifidum in streptozotocin (STZ)‑induced diabetic rats.
    Methods
    Single daily dose of 1 × 107 cfu/ml of L. casei and B. bifidum alone and in combination of both was given to Wistar rats orally by gavaging for 28 days. Glucose tolerance test, fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profile, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured from blood.  Glycogen from thigh muscles and liver and oxidative stress parameters from pancreas were analyzed.
    Results
     Administration of L. casei and B. bifidum alone and in combination of both to diabetic rats decreased serum FBG (60.47%, 55.89%, and 56.49%, respectively), HbA1c (28.11%, 28.61%,  and 28.28%), total cholesterol (171.69%, 136.47%, and 173.58%), triglycerides (9.935%, 8.58%, and 7.91%), low‑density lipoproteins (53.27%, 53.35%, and 52.91%) and very low‑density lipoproteins (10%, 8.58%, and 11.15%, respectively) and increased high‑density lipoproteins (13.73%, 15.47%, and 15.47%), and insulin (19.50%, 25.80%, and 29.47%, respectively). The treatment also resulted in increase in muscle (171.69%, 136.47%, and 173.58%) and liver (25.82%, 6.63%, and 4.02%) glycogen level. The antioxidant indexes in pancreas of diabetic rats returned to normal level with reduction in lipid peroxidation (30.89%, 46.46%, and 65.36%) and elevation in reduced glutathione (104.5%, 161.34%, and 179.04%), superoxide dismutase (38.65%, 44.32%, and 53.35%), catalase (13.08%, 27%, and 31.52%), glutathione peroxidase (55.56%, 72.23%, and 97.23%), glutathione reductase (49.27%, 88.40%, and 110.86%), and glutathione‑S‑transferase (140%, 220%, and 246.6%, respectively) on treatment with L. casei, B. bifidum, and combination treatment.
    Conclusions
     Administration of L. casei and B. bifidum alone and in combination of both ameliorated hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress in STZ‑induced diabetic Wistar rats. 
    Keywords: Antihyperglycemic, antioxidant, Bifidobacterium bifidum, dyslipidemia, Lactobacillus casei
  • Ahmad Khosravi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Mahmood Mahmoodi, Ali Akbar Pouyan*, Kourosh Holakouie‑Naieni Page 2
    Background
    Cigarette smoking is one of the most important health‑related risk factors in terms of morbidity and mortality. In this study, we introduced a new method for deriving the transitional probabilities of smoking stages from a cross‑sectional study and simulated a long‑term smoking behavior for adolescents.
    Methods
    In this study in 2010, a total of 4853 high school students were randomly selected and were completed a self‑administered questionnaire about cigarette smoking. We used smoothed age‑ and sex‑specific prevalence of smoking stages in a probabilistic discrete event system for  estimating of transitional probabilities. A nonhomogenous discrete time Markov chain analysis was used to model the progression of the smoking in 10 years ahead in the same population. The mean age of the students was 15.69 ± 0.73 years (range: 14–19).
    Results
    The smoothed prevalence proportion of current smoking varies between 3.58 and 26.14%. The age‑adjusted odds of initiation in boys is 8.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.9–10.0)  times of the odds of initiation of smoking in girls. Our study predicted that the prevalence proportion of current smokers increased from 7.55% in 2010 to 20.31% (95% CI: 19.44–21.37) for 2019.
    Conclusions
    The present study showed a moderately but concerning prevalence of current smoking in Iranian adolescents and introduced a novel method for estimation of transitional probabilities from a cross‑sectional study. The increasing trend of cigarette use among adolescents indicated the necessity of paying more attention to this group.
    Keywords: Adolescents, discrete event system, projection, smoking stages, transitional probability
  • Arun Kumar, Samiur Rahman, Asif Iqubal, Mohammad Ali, Pintoo Kumar Niraj, Gautam Anand, Prabhat Kumar, Abhinav, Ashok Kumar Ghosh Page 3
    Background
    In the present times, arsenic poisoning contamination in the ground water has caused lots of health‑related problems in the village population residing in middle Gangetic plain. In Bihar, about 16 districts have been reported to be affected with arsenic poisoning. For the ground water and health assessment, Simri village of Buxar district was undertaken which is a flood plain region of river Ganga.
    Methods
    In this study, 322 water samples were collected for arsenic estimation, and their results were analyzed. Furthermore, the correlation between arsenic contamination in ground water with depth and its distance from river Ganga were analyzed. Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation and total variation present in a set of data was analyzed through one‑way analysis of variance. The difference among mean values has been analyzed by applying Dunnett’s test. The criterion for statistical significance was set at P 
    Results
    This study shows novel findings ever done in this area. Halwa Patti and Doodhi Patti strips were the most affected strips with high‑arsenic concentration in hand pumps. Furthermore, a correlation between the arsenic concentration with the depth of the hand pumps and the distance from the river Ganga was also a significant study.
    Conclusions
    The present study concludes that in Simri village there is high contamination of arsenic in ground water in all the strips. Such a huge population is at very high risk leading the village on the verge of causing health hazards among them. Therefore, an immediate strategy is required to combat the present problem.
    Keywords: Arsenic contamination, ground water, river, village
  • H. M. Meththananda Herath, Thilak Priyantha Weerarathna, Nayani Prasangika Weerasinghe* Page 4
    Background
    There is a long lasting dilemma over the ideal screening and diagnostic method in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Even though universal screening is commonly practiced, selective screening based on risk factors is also practiced in some center. The aim of this study is to evaluate the most appropriate method to screen GDM in high‑risk pregnant women in Sri Lanka.
    Methods
    This study was a clinic‑based, cross‑sectional study conducted in a tertiary referral center, Sri Lanka. All women underwent 75 g oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 weeks of gestation. Diagnosis of GDM was made according to the International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) and World Health Organization (WHO) criteria.
    Results
    With universal screening using IADPSG criteria, 23.2% (105/452) were found to have GDM and with risk factor‑based screening 20.1% (91/452) were detected to have GDM. The prevalence of GDM dropped to 18.1% when GDM was diagnosed using the WHO criteria with universal screening approach. It was further dropped to 15.7% when the WHO criteria were used along with risk factors‑based screening approach.
    Conclusions
    The IADPSG criteria labeled considerably higher number of women as having GDM compared to the WHO criteria. With regards to the screening methods, the risk‑based screening had a lower detection rate of GDM; however, it reduced the necessity of screening of women by around 20%.
    Keywords: Gestational diabetes mellitus, International Association of the Diabetes, Pregnancy Study Groups criteria, universal, selective screening, World Health Organization criteria
  • Hamid Zolfaghari, Gholamreza Askari, Fereydoun Siassi, Awat Feizi, Gity Sotoudeh Page 5
    Background
    Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the world. Although some studies have been conducted about dietary intakes of these patients, but the results are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to survey all macronutrients and micronutrients included in dietary intake of these patients for better understanding the factors influencing this disease.
    Methods
    The present study is a case‑control conducted in Isfahan city, Iran. The cases were recently diagnosed patients with NAFLD who identified by ultrasonography. The case (159) and control (158) individuals were matched in age and gender. Data of general characteristics and physical activity of individuals were collected through questionnaire. Dietary intake was also collected using 24 h dietary recall questionnaire.
    Results
    Waistline and body mass index for the case group were more than the control group (P
    Conclusions
    In total, it seems the type of dietary intake source is associated with NAFLD. Increasing saturated fatty acids and sugar and decreasing fiber, folic acid, Vitamin D, zinc, and potassium intake might play a role in the progression of this disease.
    Keywords: Dietary intake, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, physical activity