نشریه مطالعات تاریخ انتظامی
پیاپی 8 (بهار 1395)

iven the role and position of borders in the strategic defense process and given the Iranian borders have experienced various transition stages during historical long-term events, how border ethnicities juxtaposed near border or on both sides of border has affected the historical events of borders. These various security fluctuations include a spectrum from providing elementary needs of life depending on both sides of borders to the phenomenon of smuggling and various ethnic, religious, social and economic issues that military and police forces face with a great part of them. This research deals with the question: How has been the interaction between central government and border tribes during history regarding border-keeping? The presumption is that during Iranian history, two approaches have been dominated the relationship between the central government and border ethnicities in this regard: intra-border approach (Achamenid) and inter-border approach (Qajar). The results indicate that although in the short-term the interaction between central government and border ethnicities culminates in general security of borders but this factor should not result in neglecting the national nature of borders and people living there in the long-term. Economic, cultural and identity growth of border regions depends on strategic principles and security knowledge of these regions.

iven the efficiency of military and police forces in evolution and continuation of power systems in different eras, this article, by using analytical-historical method, examines the position and function of military forces in evolution trend of Iranian political structure in a part of Middle Ages. This position and function has been explained by emphasizing Seljukid era but this explanation and interpretation has set the a priori contexts and the heritage of Iranian ancient and Islamic eras into its agenda. In terms of turning Emirate into kingdom in Iran, the Seljukid era has an important position because in this era, the traditions of Iranian-Islamic governance, in terms of thought and execution, blended with nomadic traditions and create different conditions at a vast level in Iranian realm which is various from power concentration and harmony in society-government relations to political rupture and tension. An important part of these developments is the result of nature of military action and position in power structure which is coherence, order, justice and security. Therefore dealing with the position of military forces in power structure of the era is a significant issue.

stablishment of order and security has been the inevitable necessity for all governments during history and the authorities have applied various attempts and measures in order to reach the goal. During its long history, Sirjan province in Kerman State has enjoyed various anti-security factors which have necessitated security measures for its rulers. By using analytical-descriptive historical method, this article aims at examining police formation trend in Sirjan from ancient times to nowadays and different factors of insecurity formation in this city. The findings show that Sirjan history has witnessed different insecurities in different stages. In this province, establishment of security and order has been guaranteed by local respectful people, local rulers, feudal and landlords but some people have accepted the repsonsility of establishing order and secuirty in the city whose names have been eternalized.

onvergent and divergent forces that play a major role in determining the quality of national coherence are not isolated concepts but they are variables enjoying mutual or reverse relationships. During history and different periods of time, these forces have had appearances and reflections in spatial-geographical stage affected by political management and historical memories of ethnicities and central government. Recently ethnic conflicts and using ethnic cultures around Iran have become an important aspect of the regional conflicts and disputes. Given this reality that Iranian ethnic groups, particularly the Kurdish nation, are the native people of Iranian geography and they have common historical and cultural roots with the Iranian people, and on the other hand, through historical investigation of the interaction between ethnic groups and central government, we witness a period of time that the divergent forces overcome convergent forces under the effect of ethnic policies of central government, foreign interference, role-making of local elites and so on. Therefore, by using analytical-descriptive method, this research tries to respond the question: What factors have affected the Kurdish nation's convergence and divergence during historical periods? It seems that such factors as ethnic policies, vacuum of power in the central government, interaction of national and local elites, providing the ground for political participation of ethnic groups and foreign interferences have been effective factors in Iranian ethnic groups' convergence and divergence.

uring history, the Persian Gulf has been always an important strategic channel and a geopolitical region. These features have caused this important channel being exposed to various groups' greed and aggression. During Zandieh era, particularly Karimkhan Zand reign, different European countries entering the Persian Gulf for many years, followed their colonial goals in this significant region. The Dutch entered Khark Island in 1754. During their presence in this island, the representatives of Dutch East India Company established economic and political relations with Karimkhan Zand and other local rulers. Meanwhile in this period of time, they engaged in different disputes with different groups such as the Brits, Al-Za'ab in Rig Port and other tribes. In this research, done by analytical-descriptive method and referring to archive resources, some issues have been examined that have caused challenges between Karimkhan Zand and Mirmahna on the one hand, and between Mirmahna and Dutch East India Company on the other. Also it has examined the role of Mirmahna in suppressing the Dutch East India Company. The findings show that the Dutch failed in their conflict with Mirmahna, the ruler of Rigi Port over their presence in Khark Island and they were expelled from this important channel in 1766 after 140 years of their presence in the Persian Gulf.

ajar era is regarded as one of fluctuated eras of Iranian social history. Reformist measures of such elites as Abbas Mirza and Amir Kabir, spreading out the visits of authorities to Europe, visits by foreigners and giving counselor privileges to them and development of social communication through newspapers and so on caused the growth and development of political and governmental structures. These developments affected the spheres of order and security too. This article deals with the study of this issue and by using documents and historical sources deals with the structure and organization of Nazmieh in Qajar era, from Ahmad Shah to Mohammad Shah eras. The findings indicate that at the outset of Qajar government, following the Safavid government, Nazmieh affairs were limited to the capital, and the rulers preserved order and secuirty in other cities which were mostly the rulers' interests. Afterwards, by development of relations with other countries and familiarization with their cultures and conducting these issues through counseling, new patterns of police management formed and they established constant structures and organizations like Nazmieh Ministry