دو ماهنامه سلامت کار ایران
سال سیزدهم شماره 3 (امرداد و شهریور 1395)

Nowadays, the non-thermal plasma is considered as a successful new technology with high efficiency in the air pollution control and is in the focal attention of the researchers. Various types of atmospheric pollutants adversely influence on the human health and the environment regionally and globally. Carbon monoxide has been introduced as a critical pollutant which can cause the environmental and health effects. The growing concern about effects of air pollution on human health, and also more stringent strategies of choosing the air quality standards, have motivated the development of air pollution control techniques, particularly the non-thermal plasmas techniques. Therefore, the aim of this study is the removal of the carbon monoxide (CO) contaminants in the dry air and argon atmospheres in order to determine of the effective parameters.
The current study has determined the effects of temperature, the CO concentration, the voltage and the residence time on the CO elimination efficiency by ASTM D 5835 method in the both of systems, i.e. the system of negative plasma reactor (diluted by dry air) and the system of positive plasma reactor (diluted by argon gas), simultaneously.
The results indicated that the temperature and the residence time did not have a significant effect on the CO removal in the both dry air and argon gas systems. However, the most important variable in the both systems was the voltage in the vicinity of 8 kilovolts with the p-value The results of CO elimination in the dry air and argon atmosphere indicate that the dry air system, due to present of the Oxygen active ions, has better performance compare to the argon gas system.

Safety culture of an organization is an essential strategy to reduce occupational accidents, and many industries around the world have shown their willingness to consider the concept as an approach to reduce daily incidents and potential disasters. The aim of this study is to design a valid tool for measuring safety culture, which is based on a model of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
This is a descriptive-analytic study performed on 409 employees of an oil and gas exploration company in Ahvaz in 1392. After the initial questionnaire was prepared by the IAEA's 5D model, the linguistic validity, content validity and construct validity were tested on questions. The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using test-retest methods and Cronbach's alpha coefficient and data were analyzed using the software SPSS 18.
In studying content validity, the content validity index and total content validity ratio were obtained equal to 0.91 and 0.87, respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis of the questionnaire was evaluated, and KMO and Bartlett’s coefficients were obtained equal to 0.807 and 5237.791, respectively. In addition, factor analysis confirmed five factors in the study (including priority to safety, leadership, responsibility, safety integrity and learning), which accounted for 69.813% of the total variance. The results showed that the final questionnaire is reliable (α=0.902) and repeatable (ICC=0.899). There was a significant correlation between dimensions of the safety culture questionnaire (p The results of this study showed that a safety culture questionnaire that is designed according to the 5D model of the International Atomic Energy Agency has acceptable reliability and validity for measuring the safety culture in an oil and gas exploitation company. This tool can be effective in promoting safety culture in high-risk industries.

The aim of the good quality lighting is that which balanced the needs of humans, economic and environmental issues, and created suitable lighting for a particular visual activity (e.g. reading, writing, etc.). Quality lighting is very important to incising productivity and learning of students. The main idea of energy-efficient lighting is to reduce the amount of electricity used without compromising on the quality of lighting. The first objective of the work was to assess different aspects of lighting quality and energy efficiency and the second objective was to find out ways to improve the efficiency of electric lighting in high school.
this cross-sectional study was conducted in 11 high schools for girls in Ahvaz. In this regard, based on measured artificial light (lux) and Electrical power consumption (w/m2), Installed Power Density (IPD) (w/m2.100 lux) is calculated. Normalized power density (NPD) divided by Installed Power Densityto compute Installed Load Efficiency Ratio (ILER) and Performance Index classified into three categories. The data were analyzed by a unilateral variance analysis test using SPSS 16.
The results show that sum of areas measured, 47.6 percent at level 3, 36.1 percent at level 2 and 16.2 percent at level 1 have been evaluated. Maximum efficiency is reported in three high school (3, 5, 8) lighting systems had the best performance.
In this study, Low efficiency and high energy consumption of lighting systems result from defects such as reflection coefficients less than the standard (walls 0.5, ceiling 0.7 and floor at least 0.3), using conventional ballasts instead of electronic ballasts, lamps low-efficiency , conventional Reflectors instead of steel and lack of proper use of daylight.

Steel industry plays an important role in air pollution and particulate emissions released to the environment. The Venturi scrubber is one of the most important scrubbers and components at local exhaust ventilation which has a lot of application to control of the contaminants emissions to the atmosphere in the steel industry. On the other hand, the efficiency of this equipment depends to use and how to use, therefore aim of this study is determination of the efficiency of a venturi scrubber at an iron making unit.
This research is a descriptive cross-sectional study to determination of the venturi scrubbers efficiency in collection of particle different sizes. Sampling to be fulfilled based on BS 3405 method and duct internal isokinetic sampling at 30 l/min flow before and after venturi scrubber using of the sampling sequence include a set of probe with standard inlet nozzle, sampler and particles classifier (the four-stage cascade impactor) which followed with the flow control and measurement equipment. Finally, the samples were analyzed using gravimetric method and the results were analyzed using spss 16 Software.
The fluid velocity was in the throat of the scrubber 71.4 m/s and the ratio of liquid to gas 1.12 l/m3. The mean of total dust concentration was before and after Venturi, respectively 6900mg/m3 and 983mg/m3. The overall efficiency of the venturi scrubber was 85.3%. The maximum removal of the particle size distribution was respectively to particle size 15μm It is concluded that scrubber’s efficiency increased in parallel increasing in particle aerodynamic diameter, but its removal efficiency was not achieved to desirable level for particle size lower than 1 μm because of inappropriate modification in some design parameters such as nozzles. Regarding decrease in load pollutant input, performance of this scrubber is not acceptable even for large particle sizes.

Biological monitoring plays an important role in occupational exposure assessment. The aim of present study was to assess Manganese-Iron Ratio (MIR) as a potential biomarker for manganese.
This cross-sectional study was carried out in an automotive parts manufacturing industry in Tehran, Iran. 31 ferroalloy smelters as exposed group (cases) and 30 office workers as unexposed control group were involved in the study. Occupational exposure to manganese was determined based on NIOSH analytical method 7300. Air and blood samples were analyzed using furnace- atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS). Serum Iron was measured according to Iron- Ferrozine LS. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software.
The mean concentration of air Mn for smelter group was 0.008± 0.005 mg/m3. The mean manganese concentration in blood samples of smelter group (17.33± 8.66µg/L) was significantly higher than in the control group (9.37± 8.70µg/L), (P Manganese-Iron Ratio (MIR) can be used as a biomarker to distinguish manganese exposed workers from the unexposed population.

Job satisfaction is an important factor in increasing productivity, caring staff to the organization, belonging and attachment to the workplace and increasing the quantity and quality of work and good human relations in the workplace, good communication, raising spirit, love and Interest of the job. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of psychological ownership on job satisfaction among airports supply chain staff.
Using random sampling, 59 employees were selected for this study. To measure psychological ownership and job satisfaction questionnaires Van Dyne and Pierce and Minnesota, respectively have been used.Data’s analyzed by correlation and regression and Structural Equation Modeling.
Result showed that psychological ownership with load factor (0.866) and had effect on Job satisfaction and organizational -based psychological ownership with beta (0.112) and meaningfully (0.002) follow job-based psychological ownership with beta (0.235) and meaningfully (0.001) has positive relationship with Job satisfaction.
Since there is a positive effect of job satisfaction on psychological ownership, and create a positive attitude toward employees and job creation in the ownership and belonging, increase productivity, increase organizational commitment, establish a good in person, the creation of a proper relationship raise morale and interest in the organization.

In the most of the workplaces there are work-related stress, also Workers complain of musculoskeletal disorders. It should be noted that these two Factors effect on people's lives.This study with aim to determine the association between the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and occupational stress among a group of workers in the metal industry was done.
This study was a descriptive - analytic research that nordic questionnaire and DASS-21 software were used. Demographic characteristics such as age, sex, marital status, in other questionnaires were collected. Data analysis was performed using statistical software spss-20.
Results show that 82.3% individuals had normal stress and 3.1% with severe stress. Body posture, exercise, smoking and stress have significant relation with WMSDs.
Increased job stress plays a role in the development of musculoskeletal disorders.There is a significant relation between body posture with WMSDs.

In this study the effectivness application of conventional apartment ornomental flowers to survay removal capability of five kind of pollutant: aromatic hydrocarbons (Benzene and Toluene), aliphatic hydrocarbons (Octane), halogenated hydrocarbons (Trichloroethylene (TCE)) and tropens (Alpha-Pinene) in indoor ambients was studied.
At the first, 10 species of ornomental flower were cultured seperatly in pots and then were placed in 10L gas-tight glass jars and exposed to different concentrations of benzene, TCE, toluene, octane, and α-pinene, respectively. Air samples within the glass containers were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy and detector tubes 3 and 6 h after exposure to the test pollutants to determine removal efficiency. The removal efficiency, expressed as µg/m3-m2-h basis for each volatile organic compound (VOC), varied with plant species.
Results show that of the 10 ornomental flower tested, Alternaria, Hedera helix , Tradescantia and Hoya carnosa had the highest removal efficiencies for total VOCs. Alternaria displayed superior removal efficiency for four of the five VOCs (i.e., benzene, TCE, toluene and octane). The average removal of five pollutants with ornomental flower tested were 8-44 µg/m3-m2-h of the total VOCs. Hedra helix efficiently removed Alpha-Pinene. All of the flower tested caused removal of VOCs from indoor ambients.
Different in efficacy of removal with different species ornomental flowers show that, for improvement efficiency of application ornomental flowers for removal of VOCs from indoor ambients, is needed that different species of flowers be planted. This study showed that the use of indoor ornamental flowers is suitable solution for reducing volatile organic contaminants from the indoor ambients.

Health is one of the most important assets of a man that has allowed him to develop his full potential. If this capital is eroded or not fully developed, it could be weakened human physically and mentally. On the other hand, the phenomenon of unemployment is a social and economic hardship that fallowed several negative effects and people personal life are strongly influenced. Accordingly, this study examines the causality between unemployment and health in Iran.
This research is doing a causal-analysis by using Toda - Yamamoto and Johansen-Juselius methods over the period of first quarter of 1995 to fourth quarter of 2013 for the country of Iran. Also, the level of significant is 5 percent.
There is a two-way causality between unemployment and health. Also, one percent increase in unemployment, decreases the health by 6.84 percent. Accordingly one percent increase in the private health expenditure lead to 0.14 percent decrease in unemployment.
Given the significant cross negative impact of health on unemployment and vice versa, it is recommended to invest in the health sector such as health insurance and hospital, particularly in disadvantaged areas, to provide workforce health and reduce unemployment and provide community health with appropriate policies to reduce unemployment and increase income.

One of the most leading occupational problems usually seen as response to occupational-organizational stresses among employees is occupational burnout which suggests decrease in person compatibility power with factors disturbing work environment. In a general, burnout is one of the factor establishing conflict, change or resigning job. Current research aimed at examining the effectiveness of schema- based model training on occupational burnout decrease among employees of coal company "Parvadeh" in Tabas.
For this purpose, quasi-experimental method by pretest- posttest design with control group was used. 30 people from employees obtaining the highest occupational burnout level, were selected and assigned to two experimental and control groups, randomly. Next, experimental group was exposed to schema- based training in the 6 session- 90 minute period and control group didnt receive no training. Before and after training, participants from two groups filled Maslach Burnout Inventory 22- question form in.
Results from covariance analysis and t-test showed that there was a significant difference between the scores of control and experimental groups. The occupational burnout and emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and loss of personal accomplishment have improved.
It can be stated that schema- based group training sessions lead to decrease in occupational burnout and emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and loss of personal accomplishment dimensions.