نشریه تاریخ اسلام و ایران
سال بیست و ششم شماره 29 (بهار 1395)

Throughout the millennia of Iran’s history, bureaucracy of the country had been a chaos, so that lots of influential people have entered the administration via various methods such as commercial, bribery and favouritism to achieve their personal goals. This process continued until the late Ghajar, but it changed after the constitutional revolution because of political changes that happened in the bureaucracy of the country. Although, parliament was established during Ghajar, it was not efficient because of numerous challenges and problems. Nevertheless, the 4th parliament was one of the most influential ones, because it passed the employment law to improve the condition of the country’s bureaucracy.
Hence, the purpose of this article is investigating how reforming bureaucracy of the country during Ghajar – the case of employment passed by the 4th parliament – occurred. The present paper is written based on descriptive-analytic method using books and archives.

Britain and Soviet Union during the Second World War, jointly invaded and occupied Iran, Then coerced Reza shah to abdicate and live in exile. They as Allies soon formed a Puppet government in Iran and imposed the tripartite pact, intervening in domestic affaires with breach of sovereignty and amity.
Under these circumstances, they set up diverse lockups to detain Iranians from various strata, presumably in charge of supporting Germany but, in fact, it was a pretext to prevent the anti-Britain and soviet personalities to attain parliamentary position. They also attempted to suppress the anti Britain and anti- soviet media and the various new and old opponents from Press, the Army, and Road administration and keep them in isolation. The also detained some groups from the Railways for their access to the Allie's secret and strategic information regarding the military vehicles, arms volume and vital straits and passages.

The strategic position of the three islands in the Persian Gulf entrance leads to the importance of the social life of the inhabitants of the islands in the Persian Gulf. Acceptance of the sovereignty of the three islands because of political and economic competition to reject the rule of Iran in 1903 CE / 1320 which led the starting point was the issue of the three islands. Islands issue by subsequent developments in the region and international developments continued until the year 1971 was 0.1350, according to official contract was settled. But the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the Iran-Iraq war continued, discontinued due to new developments in the region, the issue of the three islands with different dimensions, was renewed. Because strategies for resolving historical issues, the most important and the first step in creating an understanding among the Persian Gulf littoral states, the issue of the three islands as a good example of the need to consider historical dimensions and root causes of hospitalization maker . The main research question is that there are three islands in the Pahlavi era of problem solving issue during the Iran-Iraq war was renewed by what? The prevailing assumption is that given the historical experience in understanding the role of these issues among the countries of the Persian Gulf, this problem should be multidimensional process caused by internal developments in Iran and the influence in the Persian Gulf eight-year war searched.

The investigation of social status of Artists and Craftsmen in Timurids era Abstract: In the research of historical evolutions continually has been asserted to the role of groups such as politicians, the military and clergymen; nevertheless, there were groups such as artists and craftsmen in the different periods like Timurids era that they played an important role in shaping of these evolutions. Growth and inclusion of art and craft and efficiency of artists and craftsmen in various areas led to the different status for this group than in other periods. On the one hand, the activity and attention to art and craft among various classes (those with the highest levels or slave origin) prevented from establishing of artists and craftsmen in definite social order. On the other hand, the presence and contribution of artists and craftsmen of different nationalities in artistic and industrial activities, their different social origins, their different levels of welfare and livelihood, different attitudes and moral beliefs, their scientific and technological capabilities, interaction with upper and lower classes of society and their reputations among people led to raising the status of this population in the community. The present study aimed to represent different aspects of individual and social life of Timurid artists and craftsmen. The result of this study is important in recognizing status of these groups and studying social history. In this regard, this article based on analytic – descriptive method and historical, social and artistic documents. Keywords: Timurids, Artists, Craftsmen, Social status

Muhammad Ibn Tumart (sixth AH century), as a faqih, was recognized as the leader of oppositionists by staying at mosques, teaching followers and saying that Almoravids are inconsiderate in executing Islamic laws (sharia). Using his personal characteristics that was based on his charismatic leadership, he caused changes in follower's values and acquired their cooperation. He then created the required background and basis for claiming to be Mahdi and representing the myth of Moroco's society and strengthened his charismatic character and made himself more similar to the myth by symbolization, performing semi-miracles, claiming to be from Ali's dynasty and to be impeccable. After Almohad movement's victory, because of contrasts between charismatic authority and traditional and rational authority, it was forced to create some institutions to deal with these. Although these institutions strengthened sense of belonging to group in their followers, but it put charisma in downhill of becoming something regular and usual and finally led to its destruction. This article is aiming to examine Muhammad Ibn Tumart's charismatic leadership and how it became something regular by analyzing Max Weber and other theorist's theories about charismatic authority.

The history of port of Rishehr in the Bushehr Peninsula returns to several thousand years BC. In the Elamite era, this region was called “Lian” and had an economically politically of special significance. In Sasanian period, it named “Rishehr”. In this era, this port has politically, militarily and economically reached its climactic position. With the arrival of Islam in Iran, Rishehr was conquered by the Arabs as well as other areas and was in silence and obscurity for seven centuries. Finally, following the political and economic changes, prosperity of the Persian Gulf and the Portuguese presence was again raised in the Safavids. Using the descriptive and analytical methods, this article investigates the history of Rishehr and developments in this area until arrival of the Safavids , also Rishehr 's place in the Safavids developments from appearance of this dynasty until end of period Shah Tahmasp the First.

One of the Main actions of Imam Ali In the political sphere was the depose of Muawiya from the governorship of Syria which followed by unintended aftermaths. Muawiya who considered Syria as his fief,not only rejected the order of Imam but also did not pay his homage to him.His disobedience towards the muslim Caliph disturbed the relations between Iraq and Syria.In this circumstance, which strategy was adopted by Muawiya in the opposite of Imam Ali? How could he change the situation to his adventage?
The finding of the current study – which is under the descriptive & analytic method- shows that the treaty between Muawiya and Amr b. Ās was a political bargaining, in which Amr b. Ās received the promise of rulership on Egypt in lieu of aid to Muawiya in the opposite of Imam Ali.
The applying mentioned treaty showed that ruse and trickery was used as instruments for obtaining power and rulership in the Islamic history.This method was followed by evil aftermaths and finally reduced the Islamic Caliphate to Monarchy and regenerated the Khosrows and Caesars’ manners in a new form.