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Nanomedicine Journal - Volume:3 Issue: 4, Autumn 2016

Nanomedicine Journal
Volume:3 Issue: 4, Autumn 2016

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1395/07/15
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • Peyman Mahmoudi Hashemi, Ehsan Borhani, Mohammad Sadegh Nourbakhsh Pages 202-216
    Over the last two decades, many researchers have developed a variety of stainless steel-based medical implant types,taking full advantage of nanostructuring technologies. In this paper the application, fabrication and development of nanostructured stainless steel based materials with new composition for medical implants will be discussed. It is well established that application of severe plastic deformation (SPD) can decrease the grain size of metals and alloys significantly to the nanometer range. Among all the available SPD methods, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is very applicable. Stainless Steel became the raw structural material for the majority of the developed medical implants, and several techniques had to be studied and established in order to fabricate a feasible stainless steel-based neural probe. These nanostructured implants present a superior performance mechanically, biologically and electrically, when compared to the conventional implants. Finally, the effect of alloying elements on the bio-interaction of stainless steel will be explained.
    Keywords: Implants, Nanostructure, Stainless steel, Severe plastic deformation (SPD)
  • Amir Doustgani Pages 217-222
    Objective(s)
    Electrospun nanofibrous mats of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and nanohydroxyapatite (nano-HA) were prepared and proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells on the prepared nanofibers were investigated in this study.
    Materials And Methods
    PLA/nano-HA nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning. The effects of process parameters, such as nano-HA concentration, distance, applied voltage, and flow rate on the mean diameter of electrospun nanofibers were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the mean fiber diameter of produced nanofibers. Mechanical propertes of nanofibrous mats were evaluated using a universal testing machine. Response surface methodology was used to model the fiber diameter of electrospun PLA/nano-HA nanofibers.
    Results
    The average fiber diameter for optimized nanofibers was 125 ± 11 nm. MTT and ALP results showed that optimization of fiber diameter increased the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells.
    Conclusion
    It could be concluded that optimization of fiber diameter has beneficial effect on cell proliferation and differentiation. Optimized nanofibers of PLA/nano-HA could be good candidates for bone tissue engineering.
    Keywords: Mesenchymal stem cells, Nanofiber, Optimization
  • Seyedeh Mahnaz Karimi, Mojtaba Sankian, Farzad Khademi, Mohsen Tafaghodi Pages 223-229
    Objective(s)
    An efficient vaccine against TB is an urgent need. TB peptides are safe candidate but they are weak immunogens and needs to be potentiated by adjuvant/delivery systems. The main purpose of the present study was to determine the potential of CHT based NPs containing ESAT-6 antigen of M. tuberculosis for inducing mucosal and systemic immune responses after intranasal and subcutaneous injection in mice model.
    Materials And Methods
    CHT and TMC based NPs were prepared by coating of cationic polymer on the anionic peptide by ionic gelation method and their characteristics were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Physical stability of NPs was studied within 30 days. Finally, the ability of formulated NPs to elicit immune responses in BALB/c mice were evaluated following nasal and subcutaneous immunization.
    Results
    The best weight ratio of antigen to polymer (CHT or TMC) was 1:2. CHT and TMC NPs had a mean size of 356.3 ± 42.20, and 470.3 ± 48.21 nm, respectively. NPs were stable up to 15 days. CHT:ESAT-6 NPs gave higher serum IgG1 and IgG total responses and TMC:ESAT-6 NPs induced high titers of IgG2a and IFN-g.
    Conclusion
    Regards to the importance of cellular immune responses in effective protection against TB, and also the solubility in physiological pH, TMC NPs are more efficient adjuvant/antigen delivery system for immunization against TB.
    Keywords: Chitosan, Trimethylchitosan nanoparticles, ESAT, 6 antigen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Nasal immunization, Subcutaneous immunization
  • Narges Babadaie Samani, Hashem Nayeri, Gholamreza Amiri Amiri Pages 230-239
    Objective(s)
    Enzyme immobilization via nanoparticles is perfectly compatible against the other chemical or biological approximate to improve enzyme functions and stability. In this study lactoperoxidase was immobilized onto silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles to improve enzyme properties in the presence of cadmium chloride as an inhibitor.
    Materials And Methods
    The process consists of the following steps: (1) preparing magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles using the co-precipitation method, (2) coating NP with silica (SiO2) by sol–gel reaction, (3) characterizations of NPs were examined by FT-IR, XRD, AGFM and TEM. (4) Immobilization of LPO on the magnetite NPs, (5) Study kinetic and stability of both free and immobilized LPO in the presence of various concentrations of cadmium chloride.
    Results
    The size of the Fe3O4 and silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles were about 9 nm and 12 nm, respectively. The results showed that the highest immobilization yield, nearly 90 %, was attained at 240 to 300 µg of LPO at 15h. It was found that the concentration of cadmium chloride directly affects the LPO activity and changes the kinetic parameters of it. Also, the results showed that immobilized LPO has better tolerance than the free LPO, so that after immobilization, Vmax of immobilized LPO was increased and Km of immobilized LPO was decreased.
    Conclusion
    The results demonstrating that the effect of immobilized lactoperoxidase on silica-coated magnetite nanoparticles increases the stability of the LPO in the presence of cadmium chloride as inhibitor. Michaelis–Menten parameters (Km and Vmax) also revealed the considerable improvement of immobilized.
    Keywords: Cadmium chloride, Enzyme immobilization, Enzyme stability, Lactoperoxidase, Silica, coated magnetic nanoparticles
  • Iman Rasaee, Maryam Ghannadnia, Hosein Honari Pages 240-247
    Objective(s)
    Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) were prepared based on the ionic gelation of chitoan with anionic compounds of Ocimum basilicum leaf extract.
    Materials And Methods
    After addition of Ocimum basilicum leaf extract to chitosan solution, the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were determined by Field Emission Scanning Electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) Pattern, and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The antibacterial activity of CNPs was evaluated by agar disc diffusion method.
    Results
    The synthesized nanoparticles were found to be nearly spherical shape with size in the range of 135-729 nm. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of polyphenolic; proteins and alkaloids compounds act as effective agents for converting chitosan to CNPs. Moreover, the synthesized nanoparticles showed potent antibacterial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
    Conclusion
    These results reveal that natural sources of materials such as plants could be used for preparation of CNPs instead of use of chemical substances.
    Keywords: Biosynthesis, Chitosan nanoparticles, Leaf extract, Ocimum basilicum
  • Abbas Pardakhty, Mehdi Ranjbar Pages 248-252
    Objective(s)
    According to the unique properties of magnetic nanoparticles, Nickel Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF) was synthesized successfully by ultrasound irradiation. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are organic–inorganic hybrid extended networks that are constructed via covalent linkages between metal ions/metal clusters and organic ligands called a linker.
    Materials And Methods
    The nanoparticles were synthesized by Ultrasound Method Under a synthesis conditions, All chemicals were used as received without further purification. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were obtained on LEO- 1455VP equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy at university of Kashan in Iran. Transition electron microscopy (TEM) images were obtained on EM208 Philips transmission electron microscope with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV.
    Results
    Results showed that Ni-MOF synthesized by this method, had smaller particle size distribution and It was found that the different kinds of ligand leads to preparation products with different morphologies and textural properties. Moreover, ultrasound irradiation method has significant effect on microstructures of as-synthesized MOFs and can improve their textural properties compared to method without using hydrothermal route.The XRD patterns of the samples obtained from ultrasound irradiation was well matched with that of as-prepared Ni-MOF by solvothermal method.
    Conclusion
    This rapid method of ultrasonic radiation as compared to the classical solvothermal synthesis, showed promising results in terms of size distribution, surface area, pore diameter and pore volume.
    Keywords: Drug carriers, Ni, MOF, Surface area, Ultrasound irradiation
  • Selvaraj Kunjiappan, Anindita Chowdhury, Balasubramanian Somasundaram, Chiranjib Bhattacharjee, Selvam Periyasamy Pages 253-267
    Objective(s)
    Response surface methodology (RSM) by central composite design (CCD) was applied to statistically optimize the preparation of Rutin-Quercetin (Ru-Qr) dual drug loaded human hair keratin nanoparticles as well as evaluate the characteristics.
    Materials And Methods
    The effects of three independent parameters, namely, temperature (X1:10-40 C), surfactant (X2: SDS (1), SLS (2), Tween-20 (3)), and organic solvents (X3: acetone (1), methanol (2), chloroform (3)) were investigated to optimize the preparation of dual drug loaded keratin nanoparticles, and to understand the effects of dependent parameters namely, drug releasing capacity, average particle size, total antioxidant power, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of Ru-Qr nanoparticles. Optimization was executed by CCD and RSM using statistical software (Design Expert, version 8.0.7.1, Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). The optimal Ru-Qr dual drug loaded keratin nanoparticles were obtained at temperature (X1): 40ÚC, SDS (X2), and acetone (X3).
    Results
    Under this conditions to achieve highest drug releasing capacity of 98.3%, average size of nanoparticles are 125 nm, total antioxidant power 98.68%, zeta potential 28.09 mV, and polydispersity index of 0.54. Although majority of the experimental values were relatively well matched with the predicted values.
    Conclusion
    This optimization study could be useful in pharmaceutical industry, especially for the preparation of new nano-therapeutic formulations encapsulated with drug molecules. This nanotechnology based drug delivery system is to overcome multi drug resistance and site specific action without affecting other organs and tissues. The methodology adopted in this work shall be useful in improvement of quality of human health.
    Keywords: Keratin, Quercetin, Response surface methodology, Rutin
  • Maasoumeh Khatamiana, Baharak Divband, Mahdieh Daryana Pages 268-279
    Objective(s)
    Binary hybrids of chitosan-zeolite have many interesting applications in separation and bacteriostatic activity.
    Materials And Methods
    Template free ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized by hydrothermal method, physical hydrogels of nano chitosan in the colloidal domain were obtained in the absence of toxic organic solvent and then nano chitosan/ZSM-5 hybrid composites with nano chitosan contents of 0.35%, 3.5%, 35% wt.% were prepared. The as prepared hybrid composites were ion-exchanged with Ag cations.
    Results
    XRD and FT-IR results revealed a good crystalinity of as synthesized template frees ZSM-5 with BET surface area of 307 m2g-1. Presence of chitosan in composites was confirmed by XRD patterns and FT-IR spectroscopic analysis, the chitosan content in composite was obtained with TG analysis. SEM analysis of composites shows that chitosan particles were dispersed within the nanometer scale. The antimicrobial activity of different samples was investigated and the results showed that the Ag+exchanged samples have the highest antibacterial properties. Cancer cell line A549 cell line were cultured in designated medium treated with Ag+exchanged samples at the concentration of 0.01 to 0.5 mg/ml. After 24 and 48 hours incubation, the efficacy of Ag+exchanged samples to treat cancer cell lines were measured by means of cell viability test via MTT assay. Concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mg/ml of Ag+exchanged samples induced a very low toxicity.
    Conclusion
    These hybrid composite materials have potential applications on tissue engineering and antimicrobial food packaging.
    Keywords: Antibacterial properties, Chitosan, Cytotoxicity, Hybrid nanocomposite, Template free ZSM, 5