فصلنامه مدیریت و برنامه ریزی محیط زیست
پیاپی 14 (زمستان 1393)

Awareness of how natural land cover c hanges to land use are very important for control and reduce natural disaster , natural resources management and predict land use chenges. In this study investigation Land use and Land cover in topographic zones in Mazandaran province has been done . we used two factors including elevation and slope for zoning topographic zones in this province to plain, semi plain, foothills and mountain. After mapping land - use and land - cover by using Thematic maps, these layers were overlaid with topographic zones. Accordin g to this research plain regions are the minimum area with 16.92 percent and foothills regions are the maximum area with 38.15 percent. 74.12 percent of total land in Mazandaran province is used by m an - made land use . Result showed more than 90 percent of t he plain regions land in this province are destroyed to agriculture land. Also 30.53 percent of semi plain region, 9.85 percent of foothills land and 6.74 percent of mountain land have been change from their natural cover and rate of land use changes is 0. 34 in this province.Many of today's environmental problems such as flooding, a high rate of land erosion and sedimentation of streams resulting from the m an - made land use of this province.

In most countries with the global increase of population and the human's need to travel and recreation, tourism development is known as a means of creating jobs and attracting foreign capital. Since tourism is done in the natural, social, cultural environment, Leaves significant eff ects, that environmental degradation is one of them. In this context, environmental impact assessments can play an important role in identifying the potential effects of development and decrease environmental problem and contribute to sustainable developme nt. One of the most common methods of environmental impact assessment, is the matrix method . Among the matrices, the Leopold matrix can be noted . The merits of this matrix is summing up the positive and negative effects of the projects. In this matrix, at first the effects of the activity, have been identified and then Severity (extent of impact) a nd the importance of magnitude the desired effect is considered. Leopold matrix change its nature to the modified matrix. Nowadays with valuation To - 5 is kn own as Iranian matrix and could take the place of many conventional methods of impact assessment. Therefore, in this research Iranian matrix is used for environmental impact assessment. The results showed that in this project, the construction and operatio n phase isnt containing negative consequences with average rankings Less than 3.1. So, Savojbolagh tourism region by considering environmental consideration and strategies for reducing the negative impacts of average and weak level, is confirmed.

The issue of environmental sustainability during the three decades of the twentieth century in particular attracted the attention of many people, especially researchers and governments, and since that cities today as the most important factors affecting environmental s ustainability are. Demand for sustainable urban development and sustainable cities is the biggest challenge facing humanity in the twenty - first century . The aim of this study was to evaluate the Environmentally - friendly development In the city of Khuzestan province.This research Practical the method of descriptive - analytic. In this study, 11 indicators were used And to analyze the data, hierarchical and VIKOR topsis Average Rank was used. According to the studies conducted According to the results City De zful, Andymeshk and Ahvaz Enjoy City Shadegan and Rāmhormoz as disadvantaged Most city in Khuzestan province were identified in the environmental sustainability compone.

Today, the major challenges of growth and sustainable development for communities, related to the environment and health . In recent decades , increasing environmental contaminat , such as air pollution , communities have faced with a wide range ofdiseases and increased health care expenditure and reduced the labor productivity. While increasing health expenditure, boost economic growth a nd development, but pollutions reduces the positive impact of these expenditures on economic growth. In fact , a large part of the country's finances and budget spent on Pollution effects and diseases resulting therefrom, instead of spending for economic development . In this study, the relationship between health expenditure, environmental pollution and economic growth in the 50 countries in the period 1996 to 2012 has been investigated. Results have been estimated using panel data and generalized method o f moments(GMM). The results show that health expenditure is significant and positive impact on economic growth. However, with economic growth but may also increase health expenditure. For a detailed examination of the issue of different approaches have bee n used. First, cross - contamination due to environmental and health expenditure were included in the model and its impact on economic growth is negative; Second, in a separate model environmental impact of pollution on health expenditure is investigated an d the result is a significant positive effect. Third, the impact of environmental pollution on life expectancy estimated and the negative effects of that say the environmental pollution along with economic growth, Public health damage and the loss of part of the expenditure, and in other words, economic growth slows.

Urban open and green space is considered not only for recreational importance, but also the role having in conservation and sustainability of urban environment and reducing of air pollution and growth of inhabitants mentally and physically. Unfortunately, creating and developing an urban green space is faced with problems and deficiencies. Tehran capital city with area 663 km 2 and population more than 7.5 million people and having more than 1600 gardens always has been faced with lack of green space and improper distribution, and it is faced with serious challenges and problems in developing and conserving green space. Since one of the characteristics of sustainable cities is the quality and quantity of urban green space, identify ing weaknesses and strengths and development threats and opportunities and conserving Tehran urban green space and formulating good strategies have important role in sustainable urban development in order to attain urban sustainable development in Tehran w hich is the objective of this study. In this study, at first we tried to identify strengths and weaknesses and opportunities and threats in Tehran urban green space with collecting necessary information by library and field studies and questionnaire from e xperts and specialists, which in this regard, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats were identified. Then, using matrix of internal and external strategic factors (IFE - EFE), we evaluated and prioritized the opportunities and threats and str engths and weaknesses. We presented and formulated development and conserving strategies using model SWOT strategies were introduced. Strategies were prioritized with completing quantitative strategic planning matrix called QSPM.

Ecotourism development for the use of natural attractions, entertainment, sports, social and economic require a comprehensive management system at the level of a region. Anzali in Gilan province due to the natural God - given abilities, including areas prone to the development of ecotourism i n Iran. Therefore, in this study to check the status of ecotourism and sustainable management models of ecotourism in wetland environments are discussed. In this study, using the DPSIR, a comprehensive study on the characteristics of the economic, social a nd environmental impacts associated with the development of ecotourism in wetland environment were discussed. Then using a questionnaire from indigenous peoples and tourists, the impact of tourism on the environment and social and economic problems in the region were investigated and the impact of improving the planning and management of ecotourism was examined, and finally with the help of the Balanced Score Card (BSC), a sustainable management system wetland ecotourism development in the region was presen ted. The results show that environmental issues, health and safety and economic issues and infrastructure, respectively, between indigenous people and tourists have the most important. As well as for the sustainable management of ecotourism in the region m oving towards sustainable development, taking into account economic, customer, internal processes, particularly related to the development of ecotourism organization and training for local people and tourists can help.

Climate change, population growth and increased consumption, coupled withurbanization, are all placing increased pressure on water management. This global challengecan often best be addressed at the local level, e.g. in cities by optimizing the role of civilsociety. Although there are approaches for assessing the sustainability of countries and cities,there is no dedicated framework for the assessment of the sustainability of urban watermanagement. We have therefore compiled a comprehensive list of indicators (the cityblueprint) for this. The city blueprint is proposed as a first step towards gaining a betterunderstanding and addressing the challenges of integrated urban water management(IUWM). City blueprints will enable the IUWM of cities to be compared, and stimulatethe exchange of success stories (good practices) between cities to address the enormousIUWM challenges which lie ahead. The city blueprint provides a quick scan a nd baselineassessment. It comprises elements from a variety of methodologies, such as water footprint,urban metabolism and ecosystem services. The indicators have been subdivided into eightbroad categories, i.e. (1) water security following the water footp rint approach developed byHoekstra and Chapagain ( 2007 ), (2) water quality, which includes surface water andgroundwater, (3) drinking water, (4) sanitation, (5) infrastructure, (6) climate robustness, (7 biodiversity and attractiveness and (8) governance. Experience using city blueprints for the citiesof Rotterdam, Maastricht and Venlo (in the Netherlands) have been included as practicalexamples. It was concluded that simplicity (ease of calculation and data availability), transparencyand ease of communicat ion makes the blueprint a valuable tool for policy makers, decisionmakers and resource managers as a first step in the process of understanding, envisioning,developing and implementing measures to transform the water management of cities. The bestresults a re obtained when all the stakeholders are involved and connected right from the start.