فصلنامه دانش پیشگیری و مدیریت بحران
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 20، تابستان 1395)

Vulnerability of old urban contexts against natural and man-made disasters and severe shortage of public open spaces in order to gathering and sheltering of people in times of disasters makes more critical the situation of these contexts during disasters such as earthquake, flood and fires. On the other hand, the shortage of appropriate urban spaces for creating more vitality in old and unsuitable neighborhoods of cities requires constructing appropriate spaces and places in cities (especially in old and central contexts of city that suffers from per capita poverty of services and green spaces) to improve the quality of life and help to increase resiliency of cities. What has importance among these is that these spaces with a necessary flexibility in addition creating vitality in old urban contexts and helping in reproducing these contexts, should have had the necessary efficiency and usage in order to better managing in critical situations in urban neighborhoods.
This is an analytical-descriptive study. At first the concept of old urban contexts, disaster management, definition of urban spaces and flexibility in urban spaces have been studied and then after a brief introduction of the studied sample (an area in old context of Gorgan) were provided measures in order to the suitability of urban spaces for disaster management and flexibility of these spaces.
Findings: The findings show that there are many factors that are involved in better disaster management in urban contexts. Among these from the architectural view can pointed out to spatial characteristics of existence opened and closed spaces in public urban areas such as adaptability of spaces, variability (multi-functional spaces), changeability, expandability and making changes in open and closed spaces as attributes of urban flexible spaces.
About the topic of disaster management in urban contexts, especially old urban contexts from the perspective of urban planning and locating appropriate spaces in order to temporary and emergency housing, numerous studies have been done which in most of them has been emphasized on the importance of predicting open urban spaces in different areas and widening pathways. But from the architectural perspective and that the flexible and multifunctional urban spaces what characteristics must have with the approach of disaster management, there is no research. This study addressed this topic and at the end of the research a plan is also provided for a sample in the study area.

Tabriz is one of the most disaster-prone cities in the country. Thus, preparedness for the disasters, along with effective prevention and mitigating measures, are imperative for sustainable development of the city. Crisis preparedness focuses on preparing equipment and procedures for use when a disaster occurs, i.e., planning. Preparedness measures can take many forms including construction of shelters, implementation of an emergency communication system, installation of warning devices, creation of backup lifeline services (e.g., power, water, sewage), and rehearsing evacuation plans.
This paper presents a GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis approach for spatial locating of Crisis Management Bases in Baghmishe Town. In this study, seven natural and human criteria are selected to identify suitable land for the construction of Crisis Management Bases that by using of AHP model and incorporating layers in ARC / GIS appropriate adjustment maps are extracted. Finally, the area of criteria’s, appropriateness dimensions, land use consistency and optimal locations were selected property.
Findings: A detailed study of the effective factors in suitable location for the bases was undertaken and appropriate zones were identified. Finally, three locations were proposed for constructing the crisis management bases.
The results of the study that are shown in the final map has three main areas for creating Rescue Support Base which are both close to population centers and main roads and has the sufficient area for for creating Rescue Support Base.

Vital arteries or the infrastructure is the component of the main foundation of any society that includes all the facilities and amenities required by society; this need is growing in modern lifewith fast growing dependence on these featured. Infrastructure are determines lifelines of urban survival in todays world; this infrastructure use for produce and distribute goodsin urban units and the possibility of life in cities also independes on the quality and quantity the function of the infrastructures. According to the social Security Agency and Canada Emergency Preparedness, critical infrastructure, networks, physical facilities and information services related to each other and which if disrupted or destroyed will have a serious impact on health, safety, security and comprehensive economy (Eskandari and et al, 2014.) Types of infrastructure include water systems, electricity grids, oil and gas pipelines, sewage and surface water collected communications and transportation networks. So that the safety infrastructure before and after natural disasters and even delay to prevent damage arterial function. It is necessary and needs to be careful in keeping them safe.
According to the dependency of survival critical infrastructure to each other and taking into account the nature of integrated management and development of data binding artery clearly, it will be impossible to reach safety critical infrastructure without the use of integrated management, especially in critical situations. So the aim of this study is to evaluate the safety of critical infrastructure in intrgrated Crises management in Tehran to identify the strenghts of integrated management, implement this form of management that it is effective and in order to achieve this objective.
This paper is a review article, documentary and field data collection and analysis were used for cross-sectional data.
Findings: implementing integrated management in Tehran disastermanagement can accelerate the activities before, during and after the disasters to prevent of duplication and thus, causes a waste of time and of course a very effective cost saving.
According to the vulnerability of the earthquake disaster in Tehran, integrated management can effecitively help to improve management in city especially disaster management in Tehran.

Today, pervasive computing has a significant role in the daily lives of people around the world and has been able to emerge in the different applications. This type of computing that aims to hide the computing technologies at the heart of human life has created many capabilities in different aspects of everyday life from traffic and transport management to health and treatment applications. On the other hand, crisis management is one of the most challenging forms of management that any mistake in it may increase the incidence of human and material losses. The main purpose of this article is using pervasive computing to improve the process of crisis management; So that, the technologies of this type of computing help managers in better decision-making in crisis situations by providing the necessary information.
In this paper, we address the key characteristics of existing activities in the life cycle of crisis management and we discuss the pervasive computing applications in order to make better decisions in critical situations. For this purpose, besides highlighting the technologies usable in this field, one of the areas of unexpected critical events in urban environments (fire) will be selected and the impact of pervasive technologies available on how to manage this crisis will be evaluated through a series of simulations. For this purpose, at first, a scenario for a pervasive fire alarm system will be developed into a hotel and then based on that, a hierarchical software architecture consists of three layers will be introduced to provide the needs of developed scenario. In the following, based on the proposed architecture, the tasks of crisis management will be mapped to pervasive technologies to the ability of simulation and measurement of the amount of potential improvement be provided after the use of pervasive fire alarm system.
Evaluation and For evaluating the method, we have tried based on several specific scenarios of fire event (in a hotel) and also based on the amount and number of used pervasive technologies, measure the speed of decision-making and crisis management in order to inform its risks and save people settled in places with fire. The results show that whatever the existing technologies in pervasive computing used more, the number of people saved in the fire, as well as the control and management of crisis will improve dramatically.

Central part of the old texture of Kerman is important for locating historical monuments and today is facing with many physical problems which create fundamental vulnerability factors against the possible earthquakes. The complexity of physical vulnerability in the historical contexts, in turn makes necessary the study and prediction of critical points during an earthquake using a precision instruments.
In this paper, using the GIS software and weighting method to indicators and overlapping the layers, the physical vulnerability zoning map of the texture is provided. 8 main indicators which were effective in physical vulnerability zoning based on background research and careful observation by expert have been used.
Findings: The northern, central and southern zones of the texture which have more small plots, poor quality of construction, less distance from the Qanats networks and chaotic and narrow road networks, are in higher physical risks. In addition, the high population density in the southern part of the texture has increased its overall risk in this part.
according to the research findings the northern, central and southern parts of the texture as well as northern and southern streets have physical vulnerabilities and require reducing actions such as maintaining continuity of western street performance during the earthquake emergency, organizing open spaces scattered within the texture, increase texture eligibility by using the distinctive elements and controlling the number of floors and closeness and ect, with the aim of reducing the risk of earthquake.

Iran is a country with different types of geographical, environmental and demographic conditions which is situated in a disaster- prone area in the world. In some cases, these disasters were catastrophic and they have resulted in emergency conditions; hence, they may slow down the development process.
Co-operative societies are mostly structured and established by people all over the world, but they are working under supervision of governments and in some cases, they are organized by governmental investments. There are a lot of experiences about the role of cooperatives in reduction of needs and requirements after catastrophic disasters. Therefore, the operational potentials of these cooperatives could be used in reduction of the variety of vulnerabilities before disasters. Different departments of these cooperatives could also be used in recovery process after disasters.
This paper reviews the literature related to the issues and needs of communities after disasters in crisis management as a science and the lessons learned from using cooperatives in previous disasters in Iran and some other countries. In this way, relying on Content Analysis Method and reviewing the most repeated cases linking to the needs of post-disaster needs and services by different cooperatives, effective cooperatives in different context will be introduced.
Findings: This study provides a structure in how to use cooperative's potentials to cover needs and consequences of a community faced with a disaster.
Finally the process of literature reviewing in disaster management and studying of different countries’ experiences could be lead to answer these as the main questions: When and How to employ the potential of cooperatives in emergency conditions.

Vulnerability assessment and seismic risk management using advanced methodologies are of major importance for the reduction of seismic risk in urban areas. The development of an advanced and integrated methodological tool for the efficient seismic risk management of complex lifeline and utility systems is necessary for the establishment of efficient and effective mitigation schemes. To this end, a modular methodology has been recently developed in Greece in the framework of national and EU research projects for the vulnerability assessment and seismic risk management of lifelines, utilities and infrastructures. The general description of the methodology is provided, along with several representative example applications. Key factors of the methodology are the inventory, the typology, the fragility, the specific characteristics and the importance (global value) of the elements at risk, the development of seismic scenarios (seismic hazard) and the geotechnical characterization, with the detailed site response analysis. Based on estimated losses and assigned priorities, restoration policies and mitigation strategies could be defined. Furthermore, new developments and important aspects of the risk mitigation procedure are further analyzed and commented on, while the ongoing research efforts in Europe are shortly summarized. These new developments include mainly the systemic physical and socio economic vulnerability and risk analysis, the incorporation of decision-making processes in the seismic rehabilitation studies and the use of real-time damage estimation for the reduction of potential impact on urban societies on the basis of timely and correct actions after a disastrous earthquake.Finally, specific guidelines are provided for the management and reduction of seismic risk of lifelines and infrastructures inurban environments.